“Dutch Swamp Dragon” - The (Staggering) Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch 1629
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In 1629, the Dutch Republic was on the brink of financial ruin and hard-pressed from all sides. Amidst a strategical encirclement of fortresses and the threatening presence of the Spanish field army, Frederik Hendrik, called the Conqueror of Cities, was marching to the south of the Republic. He wanted to capture the strongest fortress of the Spanish encirclement: 's-Hertogenbosch. This fortress-town was deemed impregnable and was affectionately called the Swamp Dragon by contemporaries. Its pantries were full, its powder chambers stuffed and its defenders ready to throw anyone back that would come close to their wall. It looked like the conqueror of cities had choose his target poorly...
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Bibliography:
Cauwer, Peter, Tranen van bloed: het beleg van 's-Hertogenbosch en de oorlog in de Nederlanden, 1629, Amsterdam 2007. amzn.to/3z6LZXO
Duffy, C., The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660, London 1979. amzn.to/3cCxL9N
Geyl, P., The Revolt of the Netherlands (1555-1609), New York 1958. amzn.to/3cCnw5k
Israel, Jonathan Irvine, De Republiek 1477-1806, Franeker 1996. amzn.to/3S18xBV
Israel, J., The Dutch Republic. It’s Rise, Greatness and Fall, Oxford 1995. amzn.to/3IZuoWs
Townsend Brady, Sirus, Great Sieges of History: The Sacking of Haarlem, in: The Cosmopolitan 39 (Aug. 1905), p. 447-453.
Reading list:
Warfare:
Duffy, C., Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660, Vol. 1, 1979. amzn.to/32dvvwM
Devries, K., Douglas, R., Medieval Military Technology, 1992, amzn.to/3IazYoC.
Rogers, C.J., The military revolution debate. Readings on the military transformation of early modern Europe, 1995. amzn.to/3geVDMM
Rogers, C.J., Soldiers' Lives through History - The Middle Ages, 2006. amzn.to/3j2kQvG
Parker, C., The Cambridge History of Warfare, 2005. amzn.to/32ggn1L
Van Nimwegen, O., The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688, 2010. amzn.to/2E3Fc95
Fiction related to the Early modern period:
Alexandre Dumas,The Three Musketeers amzn.to/2CJVAuu
Alexandre Dumas, 20 Years After amzn.to/32g82Lv
Alexandre Dumas, The Vicomte de Bragelonne amzn.to/2EnIOCB
Markus Heitz, The Dark Lands amzn.to/3ntZgEu
Military Si-Fi recommendations:
Bernard Cornwell, Sharpe (Series of 22 books on the Napoleonic Wars), amzn.to/3RZyty0
Dan Abnett, The Founding: A Gaunt's Ghosts Omnibus (Gaunt’s Ghosts) amzn.to/3vdGxkZ
Dan Abnett, The Lost: A Gaunt's Ghosts Omnibus (Gaunt’s Ghosts) amzn.to/3osvFvA
Dan Abnett, The Saint A Gaunt's Ghosts Omnibus (Gaunt’s Ghosts) amzn.to/3orikUk
Glen Cook, Chronicles of the Black Company (Chronicles of the Black Company Series Book 1) amzn.to/3PVgyGV
Historiography:
Neville Morley, Writing Ancient History 1999. amzn.to/3NCyoNl
Albeit focused on ancient history, it's a brilliant book for anybody who is interested in what history actually is. Is it a story? How does it work in practise? Can writing history be objective? Is it "scientific"? What makes it a proper discipline at university?
Chapters:
00:00-00:57 Intro
00:57-04:41 Chapter 1: In a Stranglehold
04:41-07:41 Chapter 2: The Swamp Dragon
07:41-12:21 Chapter 3: Like a Fish Out of Water
12:21-15:27 Chapter 4: Five Trenches
15:27-17:45 Chapter 5: Despair
17:45-21:42 Chapter 6: Relief
21:42:-26:20 Chapter 7: The Dragon's Shell
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Good and succesful effort on the Dutch pronounciation.
Nice video SandRhoman History you really make this time period come alive.
Scotland was not "English territory" in 1629 any more than the Dutch are Bog Germans.
Imagine being so Dutch your siege plans involve building a windmill
It's a biological requirement for us to gain control of the water wherever we are. ;-)
They had to do it because they couldn't figure out how to use tulips offensively.
@@seneca983 Yeah the Spanish were out of throwing range for even our strongest Tulpenbollenslingeraars, so we had to come up with a different strategy.
Beavers went extinct in Europe only to be replaced by the Dutch.
"Listen up men! We're pitching camp here! You! Set up the tents! You dig the latrine! You unload the provisions! And you start building the windmill!"
The Dutch: You Spanish have merely adopted the swamp. We were born in it, molded by it.
Ah, you think the swamp is your ally... we did not get out of the water until we were already men!
But the defenders were flemish and the attackers Scot/English/Dutch...
Indeed i speak dutch why are molded by swamp not ever 1 back thos days support spain most of use force accept it use be tribe man lost most our ancient costum but thet not bad some costum pretty bad
the Boschenaren (the inhabitants) were dutch to.
@@marcelschellekens6386 this; besides, this was more a war of religion than anything
Everybody gangsta... till the Dutch use poldering as a military weapon.
these are not simple windmills, senior, these are ~Dutch Assault Windmills~
@@patriciusvunkempen102 I knew Don Quijote was on to something
@@patriciusvunkempen102 Their sails are long and broad.
@@eldorados_lost_searcher I have fought in many wars, master digger. I know how to defend my own swamp
@@patriciusvunkempen102 YES WITH A COMPANY OF BIKES AND MUSKETS
Babe wake up, the guy with the funny accent that owns a Star Fortress is back with another video!
star fortress and chill
Does he actually own a star fort? 😳
@@jesusdanielhernandez6304 We may never know, but I’d like to assume he does
@@jesusdanielhernandez6304 - A paper model of one in any case.
he probably has star fortresses all over his office :P
I just knew the Dutch would employ Battle-Windmills…
I had a feeling from the moment the water was established as an important defense that the attackers were going to do something very Dutch.
An enemy army is approaching the city: panik The city in the middle of a large, defensive wetland: kalm The enemy army is Dutch: PANIK
@@samiamrg7 Everyone's conquista until the Dutch start their aquatic sorcery... 🤣
Shame it was in spring to late summer, no skating regiment in this one.
I had the same thought. And I was not disapointed.
It's in their very blood
fun fact: in a recent drought, the outlines and locations of the trenches became visible again the farm fields next to the city. Truly amazing that something that happened in 1629 became visible again.
Draining a whole swamp to attack a fortress is some Dynasty Warriors/Kessen levels of tactics. This period of history would make a cool game honestly. Open world Holland, being a mercenary running around the dikes with your gang, shooting your arquebus at dudes. Robbing villages. That's the life.
Games always oversimplify and I'm sure most or any game would not include such possibilities as draining the swamp or even building the circunvalation, they would just put a symbolic camp by the city an let time pass in a very boring way. The map is not the reality, the game is not real life.
It would be interesting to see if building dams on the outlets of the two rivers instead, and flood the city instead of pumping out the swamp...
Absolutely! A game would be incredible and the setting hasn’t been used at all for RPGs. Given the different weapons and theaters of war (Europe, east, west but also colonies) the gameplay could be interesting and quite different from existing gameplay loops.
i would love a strategygame with sieges like this, that are layered and versatile. , or even an RPG in this period where you partake maybe kingdome come style in such a war etc.
@@SandRhomanHistory Mount and blade with fire and sword is placed in the time period , but it lacked strategic and tactical depth
As a Dutch person I'm VERY proud of your pronunciation of 's-Hertogenbosch it was PERFECT. Honestly nothing could be improved on it, very well done!
Honestly with the way he pronounces Dutch city names makes me sometimes wonder if he's Dutch
@@MacAnters He is Swiss
Why would you be proud of someones else his pronunciation ? Impressed OK but proud ?
@@LEGOpachinko because most people dont care? So im proud someones cares enough to try and speak my native tongue?
@@LEGOpachinko Maybe because we live in a world with globalization, where in most people don't give a fuck, and never pronounce something right.
Fun Fact: Many English soldiers who participated in this siege eventually found themselves on the opposing sides in the English Civil War between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians.
And some of those English soldiers might've participated in King Phillip's War in what is modern day Massachusetts! History is weird
@@kevinarteaga3824 Thats why its interesting
Nice fun fact
@A R not exacty. Said US soldiers would have to be fighing against each other too.
@A R stupid much?????
"You'll never break this city, Dutchman! We're protected on all sides by huge tracts of flooded land!" *"You dare to use my own spells against me, Spaniard?!"*
Dutch: "So, should we flood it to attack with our navy, or dry it out to attack on land?"
We forget that dutch are sea creatures, but now the sea is killing them
@@saguntum-iberian-greekkons7014 it tried many times, though it is yet to succeed
@@Panzerless_SG As a fellow swamp german I can only agree, as tragic as it is, a teenager here drowned when he was shoved into a lake. Though what everyone was really upset about was not him being pushed into the water and drowning but the fact he could not swim...
@Elenrai You're not truly Dutch if you cannot swim or ride a bicycle..
I had always found the early modern period of history to be uninteresting when compared to other periods. However, your videos have gone a long way in revitalizing that period and showing that I was wrong.
These sieges seem more complicated than in other time periods.
It is the most interesting of times!
These siege episodes are one of the most interesting things I have ever seen. The scale and complexity of these things is truly staggering!
Brother your pronunciation of Dutch words like Groenlo is incredible, well done. The effort you put into pronouncing German, French and other more foreign to you languages is one of two things (the other being the clothing illustrations) that really sets your channel apart for me. All those languages can be beautiful and from you I get to learn how they're pronounced myself.
thanks for taking the time to write this! means a lot!
He actually butchers french and english. So, don't applaud him so heavily.
@@owenlindkvist5355his English is OK... it is not a decent language anyway
@@andreoliveira685 Most widespread, efficient, and easy to learn language on the planet. Sure, "not decent".
@@owenlindkvist5355 Its not easy to learn though, English is very counter-intuitive and has many exceptions to rules it has set out. English is an awful language. Saying English is easy to learn is very Germanic-centric.
Ah yes, Sunday. The day you finally upload. And I'm more than pleased to see the eighty years' war being the topic of today's video. and even more happy to see a siege video. GG man... GG.
Swamp Dragon. That's my new nickname for my mother in law.
I used to live at Fort Isabella but I never realized it used to be a star fortress. Looking at it on google maps now, the road to the fort clearly traces part of the star outline. Great video, as usual.
Being a Boschenaar (native to 's-hertogenbosch), as a young lad i got told stories of brave defenders going out at night with knive to protect the city during our siege. Watching this reminded me of those stories from my grandfather. Thanks SandRhoman!
As a Dutch wondering why allot of streets, squares, and lanes are named Frederik Hendrik, this explains a lot.
Yeah for real both Prince Maurits and Frederic Hendrik both revolutionized warfare in their own manner during their reigns. It's insane when you think about it, how so small a country managed to bring forth so many genius warfare tacticians during such a relatively short time. I guess we had to, fighting the spanish superpower basically alone for so long a time. But still kinda insane to think about.
Just wanted to help the algorithm and say that this channel is a gem; been watching it for years and I still get excited at every upload. Top quality production.
Wow, thanks!
As a Belgian having worked in the Netherlands for years I can tell you where the Spanish screwed up. They should have asked for a “bakkie troost” the moment they arrived. Anyway, I can see why anyone would want to capture this city, those “Bosschebolle” are to die for.
In Den Bosch and the rest of the south (Noord-Brabant and Limburg) a 'bakkie troost' is not very common and in dialect 'een tas koffie' is used, or 'un bekske koffie'.... ;-)
If anybody wants to read up on this siege, Peter de Cauwer goes for a deep dive with his "Tears of Blood" ("Tranen van Bloed").
So, all of those other fortresses which could flood their surroundings (mostly in Flanders, Picardy, Netherlands)... they could be blocked off and pumped out? I would like to see more examples of how those swampy or watery defenses were defeated between 1600 and 1815. Does anyone know of other examples? I am working on a strategy game for this period that a good historical publisher is interested in, and this data would help me in design. I have read a bookcase of books on the period, but more data is always appreciated. By the way, in doing my research for my game, my analysis of the history of the evolution of siege warfare from 1600 to 1815 and why fortresses seem to have became less and less of a hinderance to invaders and warfare became "faster and faster" by the time of Napoleon (other than focusing on operational changes, but more on the fortresses and sieges themselves), I found the following key reasons: 1) increased professionalization of the engineering corps, 2) bigger national armies (on average), allowed for more fortresses to be bypassed with a blocking force, 3) improved manufacturing methods reduced the cost of artillery ammunition for sieges -- by the time of Napoleon, 3 times as much shot was used in some sieges as under Louis XIV, 4) artillery became lighter and more mobile due to technological and design advancements, 5) the road network of Europe became more dense with more paved roads (usually "cobblestone" -- if anyone knows more, please leave a note below), which allowed for easier transport of the siege equipment and supplies for the armies doing the siege, 6) There was a trend to reduce the size of the force blockading fortresses which were bypassed. In the 1600s, usually a full circle was used to do this. By the time of Napoleon the general agreement was that it could be achieved by merely blocking the major roads leading to the fortress. This allowed for more bypassing. Right now planning games for Great Turkish War, Great Northern War, and War of Spanish Succession using a database of 5500 fortress records I have gathered for accuracy in locations and rating their strength.
i don´t know of any others but the reason it might not have happened more often is that the water still needs to go somewhere and you don´t want that somewhere to be your siege camp so the terrian must allow the damming and redirection of the water. also not every commander had good or enough sappers/engineers to pull this of
@@jornzwaagstra1150 Definitely agree that many commanders didn't have a decent engineering team for this. Probably would have happened more and more with the professionalization of the engineering corps in the 1700s.
Probably the only country being able to pull this off was indeed the dutch one in this period. Perhaps southern chinese armies? No clear idea about that
Aa and Dommel are small rivers (11 & 13 m3/s). Compare that to the Rhine, with 2300 m3/s. So at that time, they were able to do it with small rivers and you'd still have to plan where the water would go. It was impossible at the time to do it with any of the major rivers in NL. Even today, we can, but its not so easy and involves a lot of planning and pre digging work, before you can divert such a stream. I know of the Dacians, of which the king decided to hide and bury their vast amount of gold under a river and temporarily divert it for that purpose so the Romans couldnt get it. It seems it didnt work out as planned and the Romans went of with the gold and the dacians named Rumanian (Of Rome/ belonging to Rome) Diverting a stream could be done anywhere and probably was, although i dont know if it was done in an acute situation wrt a siege
@@attilakatona-bugner1140 the Ottoman army was very efficient in siege warfare and engineering in this period,despite them not being the innovative type.
I realy like your short summary of the geopolitcal situation between the war parties at the beginning of the video. It brings realy interesting context to the siege.
Finally a Dutch victory in the series! Happy to see another video. Edit: also Piet Hein!
Geertruidenberg was also a Dutch victory
Piet hein zijn naam is klein, zijn daden benne groot
@@5thMilitia Very true, just happy to see a new one. But the tone of my comment is indeed implying none were ever shown.
@@Tyronejizz Die heît gewonnen de Zilveren Vloot!
@@Tyronejizz Just about accurate , but it’s “bennen” not “benne”.
Wow, I already thought that Swiss-English sounded a lot like Dutch-English, but you are acing the Dutch pronunciation as well! Also Swamp-Dragon, I have to find a way to use that in everyday conversation.
its great to see a video about the place where I live. Its always very impressive to walk around the city and see the fortifications from back then still being there.
Awwww yeah, good ol' staggering siege! In knew about 's-Hertogenbosch siege since my days at university, but never at this level of detail! I had a special semester focussed on the the 80 Years War and aftermath in the 17th century, and I (unnecessarily) read all of the Military Revolution major books on the occasion haha.
It's amazing what can be achieved with an army and a bit of ingenious engineering.
0q19üü1q
Ü1q
Dutch casually terraforming in the middle of a war to win.
It is a shame that as a Dutchman I didn't know about this. Thank you very much for this video!
Great video, ps. the rat at 16:10 was really cute
I am from Den Bosch, thank you for this detailed story about my town ❤
This channel produces some of the best history content available right now anywhere. Such an underrated gem.
"Hey, honey, sandrhoman has uploaded another siege video. Let's go enjoy some lovely military history content together" - nobody in history ever
While you are back to the province of brabant, you should also look into both sieges of Bergen op Zoom by the spaniards. I'm sure you will also find it staggering
He already did Bergen op Zoom, iirc
Merck toch hoe sterck
@@oilslick7010 The "Staggering" playlist doesn't seem to have an episode dedicated to Bergen op Zoom. The episode on the siege of Breda does also briefly mention the latter (1622) siege of Bergen op Zoom but I couldn't quickly find mentions of the earlier (1588) siege.
Consider me staggered.
Very informative, thank you. I enjoyed the history aswell as your tone of voice to keep it interesting.
It’s crazy how even the most impregnable fortresses were still taken by siege.
They made a critical error in design: Using water in their defense when fighting dutch...
Have you heard of a fortress that wasn't designed to be impregnable?
@@drpepper3838 If a city can't be relieved from a siege, it most often is lost: over time they run out of supplies to effectively defend the city.
Your videos have become so much better with time SandRhoman. Much love from Friesland.
16:24 I too would live in fear after seeing a soldier literly disintegrate like that lol excelent video! I learned prior that the siege of 's-Hertogenbosch was interesting but never really showed what was going on but this is by far the most comprehensive and clear depiction of how the siege went!
I have been waiting on this one for a long time! It is very intresting to hear about the siege of your hometown. I knew parts of the story, but it is nice to see it in the big picture. The fort Issabella is still there btw, but it are now expensive appartments. I used to live there before it got overhauled.
Another fantastic video in the series. Some of my favorite content on KZhead. Thank you.
your pronunciation of ''groenlo'' was actually really impressive to me. ive heard non natives struggle with the guttural G sound so much it actually caught me off guard to hear that
Very cool video, everything was easy to follow, your pronounciation was very good. And what a marvelous story, well edited and nice music and added sounds. Could not have imagined this video any better than it is.
I only clicked on the video to learn how to pronounce 's-Hertogenbosch, stayed to the very end because your content is always too hard to click off of lol Thanks for this amazing video! So much work went into this one, I can tell.
Though he does his best, the narrator is not a native Dutch person...
@@TheEvertw I'm sure it's infinitely better than what my American brain could come up with without some guidance lol
@@Strat-Guidesfor what bannerlord video do you need s'Hertogenbosch🤭🤭
Oh man u always make my day, the uniqueness of your channel fills me with joy one more time
Your pronounciation is really good!
dank u wel! ;)
Excellent video and what an amazing episode of such war, absolutely fascinating the way is shown and explained! 👍🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼
I love these videos. Always so interesting and insightful.
Fascinating history, superb composition and storytelling, thanks for the vid.
Great quality video, as always! And impressive pronunciation of Dutch names 👏
And you've got a great username lmao
As a Vughtenaar, it is really cool to see a historical video about the siege of 's Hertogenbosch!
As someone from ´s-Hertogenbosch I have learned this every year in history class. Nice too see foreign history channels giving this odd battle some attention.
I loved the cute little pig animation ❤
Your siege videos are always the highlight of my day!
Man, this is an era and topic of history I know absolutely nothing about, and is seldom covered in media. I think that's why I like this channel so much.
Truly no fortress is a match for the shovel. It also shows Frederick Hendrik's strategic insight and commitment that he was willing to risk the Spaniards rampaging through his own lands rather than end the siege.
Swamp fortress’s are a match until the dutch arrive and well there is no such thing as a swamp anymore…
Nice video! Especially because ‘s-Hertogenbosch is my home town and I regularly pass by the places mentioned and displayed.
What an amazing siege plan. Thank you for your great work on the video.
Alright, you had me on "A man with an extraordinarily beautiful name". That gave me a good chuckle. Great educational content as Im getting used too from this channel.
Fantastic- I love the accompanying visuals
Excellent as usual. Thank you.👏
WOW ty so much! Great video my friend
Another excellent video. Cheers.
Some interestings things, some of the works(dikes) of Frederik Hendrik can still be found in the area around 's-hertogenbosch. The locations of Fort Isabella and Fort Pettelaar can still be clearly seen within the landscape. Most of the defensive walls are still (Partially) visible around the city of 's-hertogenbosch At the south side of 's-Hertogenbosch the walls are still up as they have been for hundreds of years, and you can go into the marches (Het bossche broek) and see how high the walls of the city really are. 'de Moerasdraak' is still the protector of the city and a statue can be found near the trainstation
And I thought 's-hertogenbosch was only famous fot it's Bossche bollen..for which I suddenly feel a craving coming up. Can't scratch it because I live in Luxembourg now.
What a fantastic video, great work
great video! reallly insightful!
I love these videos. They help me to understand the history of the region I live in Better and it is soooo refreshing to see something else than just WW2 stuff. Keep up the good work 👍🏻 Liebe Grüße 🤝🏻
Great stuff as always!
I recently had a guide tour through the Binnendieze of Den Bosch ('s-Hertogenbosch). This siege adds so much to that experience.
Dude your pronunciations are VERY good for a non native speaker!
awesome visualisation !!
I am absolutely love your artstyle. It looks great.
Excellent video!
Many battlements from that era are still present and preserved. If you are ever in The Netherlands I recommend you visit some. Not only do you get a sense of how much work it took to build those forts, you also get an idea how crazy it must have been for soldiers to go and conquer it.
Great content as usual
I LOVE YOUR VIDEOS. PLEASE MAKE MORE. I NEED THESE IN MY LIFE
Amazing video!
Its amazing how with each video this channel increases in quality exponentially. I cannot imagine how far this channel will go. I know the creator is a Dutch man otherwise I cannot imagine someone to put this much effort and love to such an underrated era of history. I would love to see an video on how Piet Hein got the Spanish Silverfleet. Or how they fought the spanish in Global waters through privateers.
Hey, we’re Swiss, not Dutch! next video is on Piet Hein!!
@@SandRhomanHistory NOOO WAY !!! thats absolutely amazing !
@@SandRhomanHistory Great! Togtether with Defragged History my favourite channel
I love this video, during the pike and shot era there was so much intrigue and deception going on. In fact it’s quite rare that compared to the 18th century that field battles were so rare.
YES! NEW SANDRHOMAN HISTORY VIDEOOOO
That's one hell of a nickname. The Swamp Dragon. Damn!
It’s still the nickname of the city. ‘s-Hertogenbosch is one of the few cities in the Netherlands with a refined culture and history and we have an old train station that’s near a beautiful fountain and in the middle of the fountain there is a pillar. On top of that pillar there is a dragon made of gold that shines a lot when it is sunny. It’s the unconquerable swamp dragon.
@Wiegraf We don’t play hand egg.
Many compliments for your pronunciation.
Really enjoy your work. Youve come a Long way from when I first discovered your channel, but still Deserve more views and subs. All the Best going forward! I've learned a Great Deal here.
That's pretty incredible People are rightfully impressed by the length the Romans took in terms of engineering to defeat their foes (for example, siege of Alesia by caesar or the earthwork at Masada), but we tend to ignore the equally impressive sieges like this Thanks for introducing this to me
's-Hertogenbosch' & 'stedendwinger' spoken like a boss👌
Fantastic content.
Frederick Henry: *builds a double wall to siege a superior defensive position* Julius Caesar: I’m so proud of you
Prince Maurice of Orange, Frederik Hendriks older half brother, extensively studied Roman works on warfare. To that knowledge he added modern firearms, thus laying the foundation of the Dutch military success on which Frederik Hendrik did built.
This siege is like Caesar’s Alesia on steroids. Draining an entire swamp to take a Spanish city is the most Dutch thing I’ve ever heard.
faction unique perk: make any body of water either appear or disappear as long as you have produced 10 000 shovels.
Not believed he is from there, as of this year you can even visit his house/workshop where he made most of his paintings
lekkere video man bedankt op deze manier kan ik wat leren over mijn vaderlandse geschiedenis
Great, looking forward to see it
Loving all these seige videos 😁👍
Staggering sieges is ur best series. Great job, keep it up. Pls do some famous sieges from Japannese history.
Love these.
Ethnic cleansing of the city was one of the results. As the vast majority of its inhabitants were Catholic, it meant that a lot of people had to leave. The 'Dutch army' that conquered 's-Hertogenbosch was not that Dutch with a majority of Scottish and English in it. The Catholics in the Netherlands (together with the Jews) only got back civil rights when the next invasion (by France) was a fact and the French restored it in 1794. It took About 70% of the population around 's-Hertogenbosch was lost. Many people starved, got murdered and other horrible things happened to the local people. War is sad and was sad.
Love your new animated animals! Zeer mooie toevoeging ;)
Great video
great video as always. would it be possible to cover the 1706 siege of Turin in a future video?