HOW IT WORKS: Aircraft Flush Riveting
2014 ж. 21 Қаз.
3 676 372 Рет қаралды
Construction of aluminum air-frames process is explained by smoothing the wing surface to reduce aerodynamic drag, increasing performance and efficiency in flight.
Construction of aluminum air-frames process is explained by smoothing the wing surface to reduce aerodynamic drag, increasing performance and efficiency in flight.
There is just something amazing about these old instructional videos. They are extremely simple, and not necessarily entertaining. But they are 110% to the point. I love how they can explain middle complicated concepts in a straight forward way. The old army video's on Differentials and how Torque Converters work are great.
The rambling and the 'entertainment' are intentional so that you don't actually learn anything.
This would have been very carefully planned to minimize useless filler. Animation, film, and distribution used to be very expensive, and not any joker with a phone could afford to make a documentary.
"110%"? This video is far too factual to allow an exaggeration like that. The shame!
true and real @@arthurneddysmith
I absolutely hate the useless chatter which has become so common any more.
Me: KZhead... It's 1 am.. Let me sleep! KZhead: May I offer you a riveting video in this trying time.
I'm watching this at 1am too. I really should go to bed.
@@TheM750 its almost 4am for me and im going to bed
1:23 am here
@@Turambar3791 cool (00:58)
Great double entendre lol. Intentional?
Date of production of this film: 1942. America was training tens of thousands of unskilled workers to put together modern aircraft. Such films were essential to the war effort.
Still haven't changed
Like Rosie. 💪
@@plainlake But of course, "Rosie the riveter" "sat with Suzie" to learn her skills...
And they are still used to this day
I can imagine this narrator at the breakfast table explaining to his kid the two ways of preparing a bowl of cereal. "The first method involves adding milk to the bowl followed by cereal. The second method involves first adding the desired volume of cereal to the bowl and then adding the milk"
Hold spoon thusly (refer to fig 1.1) . If a crispy mouth-feel is desired one may eat aforementioned cereal immediately. For a softer mouth feel wait at least one minute between sample bites. When desired mouth feel is attained record the time it took for the milk to soak in. Record this time and store in a safe place for future reference.
at 110 degrees...
Hahahaha, well done :D
This stuff writes itself XD
Given the manufacturing variances between different brands and types of cereal, it is difficult to judge the amount of milk that will be needed for any particular bowel of cereal. For this reason, it is important to add the cereal to the bowel before adding the milk. Additionally, be on the lookout for people that add the milk to the bowel before adding the cereal. These people are certainly communists agents and should be reported to the US government with all haste.
When I learned riveting at Spartan School of Aeronautics in 1965, we were given hard rivets and dead soft aluminum sheet to work with. Anything less than perfect technique with that combination of materials left glaring marks on the metal for the instructor to point out, meaning we had to do it over again. Practice made perfect.
Hopelessand Forlorn Thank you for sharing your story with us. Although I wouldn't have ever thought of that method for ensuring the correct technique was followed, it makes perfect sense once you mentioned it. Your personal story really added to this film. Thanks once again. (PS - I was just born in October 1965.)
Have you seen the video of the guy trying to mill a perfect cube from a potato? Same idea.
@@root1657 AvE threaded a potato and then fried it in cutting oil.
@@1978garfield yep, that's the guy.
At least it wasn't annealed 24 karat gold sheets with HSS rivets
I want this person to do an audiobook of 50 Shades of Grey.
hes probably dead
Hahaha "You must follow the set out protocol" hahaha
Seems like reviting and dimpling turned u on
3:30 The special dimpling set is remooved. The driver retains the standard flush driving set. The workman proceeds with the bucker, using an ordinary bucking baar. robot porn, honestly.
@@milanstevic8424 hahahahahaha so funny yet erotic at the same time.
Wow, the double dimple method is brilliant, it increases strength by bending the ends of the thin metal to an arch under the rivet. Just think, some person years ago invested probably thousands of hours into developing the best methods for things like this, I'm very appreciative. We really do stand on the shoulders of giants that came before us.
And it's performed with the same tool as is already used for the riveting, all you need is the die which can be easily machined on a lathe. It's really nifty.
@@TheLukasDirectorwell, yeah, that’s part of why it’s brilliant. New techniques that don’t require much replacement of tooling or labor skills can be implemented much easier.
Its very cool. Best not to think about it too much when you're pulling 9g.
i love your profile picture!
@@deadshot5845 thanks
Aircraft = a hundred thousand rivets flying in close formation. :)
that's silly, rivets can't fly
Neither can people, but they do in a plane......
Reminds me of "Gilligan, you can't fly!" "I can't?" "No"
Never looking at a plane the same ever again
Dale Jackson surrounded by a layer of Alcoa wrap.
this is great knowledge in case I want to build a 747 jumbo jet in my garage
+Breaking good -- It's also useful when building a moon rocket at home.
Or a homemade kit plane.
Breaking good i know right ill be book marking this with the rest of my random plane manufacturing videos. One day ill have the complete instructions how to build a stealth bomber.
I always bring my air tools in my carry on luggage. You never know when something might come loose in flight.
Been there done that I must of shot a half million of those things in '78 and '79.
What they don't tell you, is how difficult this is to do when you're hanging upside down from the deck framework to reach that one area that you can't get to any other way, in the dark. That was my nightmare as a starting sheet metal mechanic working for Boeing on the 737.
Why in the dark? They at least could have supplied a head lamp.
@@andymanaus1077 my head would get so sweaty that my headlamp wouldn't stay on, so I'd often ziptie it to a nearby frame to try to get it on target. With all the ducting and piping beneath the floor boards though, the light often means all you have for light is the secondary illumination. Its very frustrating.
And then because of the position, you have to do it left handed. Been there, done that, almost got good at it.
They don't tell how hard it is to do when drunk
@@prof2bobajob.klonded5 I would DEFINITELY not recommend that lol
Now THIS is how you teach well. Clear, unambiguous and to the point.
This video was riveting
Stuart Miller just trying to pop a few puns in are you?
nvwalters pop rivets you mean
Alexander Salt there is no need to countersink my comment
Alexander Salt ah sod it...I'm no good at puns hah
+Hoorf - I'm flush with puns, but didn't want this to drag on.
This is so straight to the point and simple to grasp, despite my extreme ADHD I still got through the whole video at once without moving an inch. It's a miracle
same. I've watched this video several times over the years just cause how pleasing and informative it is. I have no need to know how to flush rivet panels together, but if I ever do, I know what needs to be done.
I guess you could say you were... Riveted.
Same, but i am an autist😂
There is absolutely no reason for me to watch this, but for some reason I did.
I am not even a mechanic...
I know what you mean. I’ve been fascinated by many aspects of aviation for reasons I can’t fathom. I’m sort of a handyman but no experience in anything this technical. The narrator could have done a sex manual for Mormons “....How to make a baby....”. Now THAT would be truly riveting.
.....and at 1am.....
🤔🤔🤔🤔!!!
Man, this guy sure knows how to party. Calm down, bro.
I was thinking the same thing - swinging party! When's the autopsy?
He's probably making good money. So if he wanted to party, he would.
He's probably dead.
See above!
😂😂😂
Former Boeing Everett.... I forget the number of rivets used on the B-747's but it was over 1 million per plane. Lots of holes to drill and lots of rivets to install. Today they have giant machines to punch out or drill entire body and wind panels. Jigs hold everything in place for fastening with rivets. Current planes are using mostly carbon fiber composites, but there are still many rivets used as well.
HA, my very first paying job was as a rivet bucker at Boeing Co. on the wing flap line at plant two in Seattle WA, for $2.15 an hour, in 1963. The flaps were the outboard trailing mid-flap for the 727. I was working there the day that Kennedy was shot. :--((((( Oh, BTW I don't know why, but he didn't mention anything about micro-shaving a countersunk rivet in case it was a tad above the surface. I THINK that .003 in. was the max allowable tolerance.
This guy said +/- .002 (see, I was paying attention.)
and this is why Kennedy was shot
@Travis Thacker I'm at Boeing St louis on the f18 line, and we still use rivets on all the panels.
Welding deforms and changes the heat treat of the metal. And rivets are far lighter than the titanium threaded fasteners we use on 747s(all commercial boeing aircraft) there is no welding that I've seen on any of the 747s I've built.
@Travis Thacker If you were out of rivets then yes, a nut and bolt is a suitable substitute.
I love everything about this video. I'm building mini quadcopters, and I'm learning how with KZhead. I wade through hours of video and glean little nuggets of wisdom from each. I feel like I'm panning for gold dust, because nobody makes ingots like this. The confidence, the professionalism, the clean presentation all sing to me. I would pay money to have the information I seek presented in this format. Skip the jokes, skip the self-indulgent flight footage, skip the ancillary political and social chatter. Teach me like they tried to teach me when I was too young and brash and naive to appreciate it.
Absolutely, I agree with you!
I love these older instructional/informational videos. They go slow and explain things really well.
I love that this has well over a million views. I bet 90% of them are between 2 and 3am.
1.57 AM
3:15 am
9:39pm here
....1am...
3:35am
This is what a 100% just information video looks like. No Vlog smarty commentary. No drone footage. No over the top super slomo replays. No promotions.
SDFG SDFG -- entertainment is like sugar. Soon enough it’ll give you diabetes. Entertainment is feminine in nature with those feelings. Masculinity is like meat. It makes you strong and able. It’s about order, work, and ability. It’s square, not circle like femininity.
@@thomaspayne68665 years later, have you found the courage to come out of the closet yet?
These old instructional videos are always the best! :D They get even better when they start bringing out large-scale cutaway models (BAR rifle video) or even a modified car and acrobats (differential video)!
Great video! Hand riveting, dimpling, countersinking are still used in the construction of experimental and kit aircraft. I learned more in 8 minutes of watching this than 2 weeks of other research!
why did youtube recommend this to me? Why did I watch this full through? Why did I enjoy it? What has my life come to that this was entertaining?
Thank you very much for posting this. I am researching riveting for a project on my motorcycle, and this is an awesome post.
We still do this today, I have worked on modern planes and it's still the same , +0 -2 in other word it can not stick above the sheet metal at all +0 and it can dip below the surface by 2 thousands of a inch and we still use those counter sinks! Cool stuff!!
+Mr1979capri something I believe will not be replaced, quite an effective method against air resistance
+JetMechMA I work on brand new f 22 raptors and f 35 and V 12 osprey b1 bombers and we are rebuilding b 2 stealth bomber and a lot of one we don't talk about .
Rivets are still used ,the comet cracked due to square windows and square panels, thats why airplane windows are round now,they take stress loads much better that way.
The rivets on the Comet were punched through the skin and then bucked. The punching action through the skin left a jagged edge containing stress risers. The above method for drilling and bucking rivets has been used on every metal plane I've ever flown, aircraft are build using AN470AD rivets to this day using the methods in this video.
pahom I use a few hundred obsolete fasteners every day then lol. 737s and P8A Poseidons
I remember when TLC, History Channel, Discovery Channel, Science Channel use to air educational videos like this. Ah the good old days before “reality” tv ruined everything.
I was an aircraft rivetter for Shorts aircraft company ( Bombardier) I installed NACA rivets on the top skin of the Fokker 100, the rivet was installed from inside and flattened into the countersink on the wing skin, this was then milled flush ... yes it was a rivetting jib lol
I own one of those rivet mills today. I need to dig it out and see if I can repair it. Still have my IR rivet gun and drills. I have a power cleko gun but don't remember the mfg. Had'nt really thought about flush milling rivets in years... till you mentioned it. Thank you!
Does a milled flush beat a royal flush, or is it the other way around?
Very interesting video. I have learned something. But, then again I am a serious, grown up man, not a wise guy, like allmost all those comments !!! If they did not liked it, why are they watching this channel.??? I liked it, and I thank you for posting that very interesting video.!!! Kudos to you, Sir, and thanks for it again.!!!
wow, what a video. I'm airborne. I want a time machine to move back to a time when people spoke like this and explained concepts like this, verbally and illustratively.
+Neda Svrakic Sometimes sermons are spoken with the same type of monotone voice. This has a hypnotic effect on many people causing them to doze off. I once had a history class teacher that did the same to many of the students.
The sad thing is that people never actually talked like this, it's called "Transatlantic" dialect and it was used by actors back in the day. Remnants of it can still be heard daily on the news with their "nonregional" dialect.
Travis, go to Serbia, and area. That's where you will find women, who work hard, love their family, and have a heart of gold. (eastern Europe)
haha that's so interesting, because Neda Svrakic (the OP above) is likely from Serbia.
@Travis Bickle The reasons for today having little to no substance can be traced back to 2 things : The internet and the refinement of the smart phone. The former is and can yet be a fantastic tool for countless purposes to improve life for all. Sadly, it has been squandered and perverted in so many useless ways to generate money. All the while only improving the lives of a very select few - those whom can afford to buy in. The latter being the magical all knowing magic screen. An expertly targeted device designed to control and monetarily enslave a specific demographic of the general population. May as well toss in the pot, the personal computer, it appeals to a broader part of the general public at large. And Television as well has been turned into a programming tool for the masses, it did not start out that way. Travis i am only a few years younger than yourself. I very clearly remember when none of it existed, and yes life had a sweetness to it that is no longer part of today - this world we live in. Your issues with women, well that i feel is a personal issue - i will stay out of that. Personally i feel women should be equal partners in all things. And should have been so for a very long time, certainly the span of my lifetime and probably a lot longer than that. I have a son 13, it is he that i feel sorry for as he inherits this soup of nothingness and insane political ideas of the " Modern " society. How he will navigate his way along his life when i die i find fearful. To be 13 years old in 2019 is a scary reality. I wish you well and may you find light to guide your way along the twisty roads of life. J
"we are using 1/8 inch rivet so we drill a No. 30 hole "..... so obvious. Damn imperial units are o funny.
I'm sure there was a chart somewhere in a forgotten book that had all the drill holes charted against the correct rivet sizes. And this kept the chart makers and book publishers employed.
No. 30 hole is the drill size. Machine drills have numbers because usually the hole is slightly smaller than the actual fasterner diameter. It's like this since the start of the industrial revolution.
Mahatma Coat, when they could have used their time and skill to do something more important than trying to help workers not mess things up because of the so intuitive, simple and efficient system they have no choice but to work by
Didn't hear anyone asking that when the American designed and built planes were liberating Europe using the technologies in the video....
Nope. All we asked in return was enough land to bury our dead.
Interesting that it was a Walt Disney film.
Not really, they did a lot of films from back then.
Disney - Alien technology
Plugging holes with metal shafts not enough for you?
They made military tutorial videos during ww1 and ww2
Given the era and the text at the end someone potentially watched this to make a plane to kill people.
this articulating talk technic is very good to memorize !
I need to emulate this voice on my Mac for my videos.
I'm surprised nobody's bitching about the computerized voice..lol
I wish my voice sounded like this. Imagine how meetings would go. I’d get my way every time.
I love these old technical instructional videos. The voiceover talent. :)
I enjoy tech films, I'm weird!! trained as a body man then automotive, worked years in HD mechanics, them retrain for AME. Loved the trade, hated the wage, went back to fixing tractors 🚜 This vid was a fun refresh ,thanx!
I remember seeing a scene on the Aviator where he told them they needed to make the rivets flush and they said they couldn't, then it showed them having accomplished it and it never explained how. I'm happy to finally know what they did.
haha I had the exact same thought
Hughes didn't invent flush rivets. there was a patent application for flush rivets by Charles Hall in 1926. the first aircraft with flush rivets is the Hall Aluminum Aircraft Co XFH in 1929, 6 years before Hughes H-1. Don't get your history from Hollywood movies.
Interesting, I think my father actually received a patent for one of these methods while working at North American in about 1942. He got a check for the patient while overseas so they could release the method to other manufacturers. Not sure which process was his but I know it involved the drilling process heat relieving the stress on the metal to prevent cracking at the dimples.. he turns 100 in two weeks and I will see if he can tell me if one of these methods is his. It’s amazing what he can remember from back then yesterday can be a problem. If I make it to 100 I hope I am that sharp.
That is very cool. A smart man, your father is.
Absolutely no reason for me to watch this but 10 mins of my life was spent on this
I believe a different technique is used for double dimpling nowadays, but I love those videos. They are still used to this day to teach people how to rivet sheet metal
Also, it was pretty interesting seeing the text at the end, for a fabulous look back in time. It shows how the implied meaning of words can change over the decades, though you don't normally notice it any other way. Notice how the word "cheapest" was used. That would never happen today. The word back then clearly carried no more negativity than saying "cost effectively" would today. Currently, that word sometimes implies lowered quality as a result of lower cost.
Your name goes perfectly with your comment.
Your name goes perfectly with your comment.
Yes simple honest language was used back then rather that the politically correct expressions used today that require many more syllables and don't explain things as well.
I'm a retired airline pilot (fixed and rotary wing) and I came here wanting to learn more about riveting - specifically flush riveting! - because I'm making a sculpture that incorporates what looks like aircraft wings, and I want a little bit of realism, for something that isn't intended to fly. But I'm very pleased to finally learn exactly how the sheets of metal on which my life and those of my passengers depended were constructed! Kudos to all you educators!
You got to love these old videos.
This is one of the best instruction films I have ever seen , wonderfull clear to the point .
i wish more educational videos was this simple. for the time. this animation is actually pretty good!
Somewhere my father got the tool for drilling and countersinking. It's commonly called a countersink cage, or a microstop countersink cage. They're still being sold. You can buy a variety of sizes of bits to go into them. They also work very very nicely for controlling the depth of flat head screws in wood so you get a nice, uniform look.
When my dad passed away I found one in all the stuff he had in his shop. Not having any idea of what it was or how to use it, it took me a while searching on the Internet to find out what it was. I've used it in my woodworking several times.
Love the little delta wing SSTs they use to show fast moving air
This was my Father's main job working for De Havilland Boeing and Bombardier. He invented an additional part for this setup making the rivet always go straight with much less effort.
As a retired US Coast Guard Aviation Structural Mechanic (Metal Smith) I can attest to the accuracy of the material presented here. I can buck a rivet by sound and touch and check it like Ray Charles. 21 years.
thank you for this amazing video
Can't stop watching this video while I learn to rivet. What a good resource.
These old videos are so informative.
3.2mm rivet + 1mm sheet, in case anyone is wondering.
And 3.3mm hole. Quite a lot simpler isn't it?
.1250 and 40 grand in machinist lingo.
More than a million rivets for an old-school big plane! This is the job that originated the "Rosie The Riveter" meme from WW2. Women built much of those planes, including my grandma, may she rest in peace.
never would of imagined so many different methods used . Thanks
I've already done this, the cone of the fuselages of light aircrafts such as Cessnas single-engines, are covered with 0.16 sheet, very thin to make a countersink. After drilling and cutting the sheet, I used a 426 rivet pin up on a steel surface, a steel mold and a hammer to make a dimpling in each hole.
You laugh, but if this dude gets five minutes alone with your girl she’s gone forever
good clear ENGLISH
"ENGLISH". The real english accent is the one spoken in ENGLAND.
Not jinglish, not jive, i can aks a qestion and hear an answer
Whoa....all of my riveting questions were just answered. Nice! Great video, thanks for posting it.
I served 8 years in the Airforce and 14 years contracting for Boeing, Lockheed and Raytheon as a structural sheet metal mechanic on many aircraft. He's speaking my language.
Thank you for making this available. It seems that, starting at 09:35, the introduction to the film appears at the end of the film. Out of curiosity, did you place the intro at the end, and if so, why? Thanks again, Jerry
I noticed that, too. I think it may have been a deliberate copyright dodge, although with a training film of this type, I'd think the copyright would have expired by now, if copyright was ever claimed in the first place.
I wonder if at any time this tape was to be used in a way where it would loop, the end of the tape could have been copied from the beginning in order to make stitching it together in a seamless loop easier.
I'm going to have the word “dimple” bouncing around my head for the next week.
Perhaps you are becoming dimple minded.
I love these videos from the future. How advanced they are.
We had to manually put 2 universal AN470 rivets and then 4 AN427 rivets using the countersunk method as a small project in my Aircraft Structure Fundamentals class. As this video suggests, we couldn't exceed the predrive protrusion nor the flushness, which the professor would measure with a precision caliper. Then we had to fill out an FAA Form 337 simulating a repair to an aircraft. Good to know we weren't wasting our time.
Fascinating stuff! Slightly less entertaining than page 361 of the New Jersey white pages, but more so than observing the curing of most varieties of cement.
The book may be boring, but it has a cast of thousands.
Succinct observation! Lol!!
I think I watched this in '82 at Chanute AFB Tin Bender/Structural Despair School.
April '86 alumni here 🙋
I was there in 1976/77 learning flight simulation. Miserable cold weather.
Never have I seen the double dimple method. Very cool!
thank you spock for a clear and logical explanation of riveting
The narrator sounds like an exciting guy. Like a coiled spring about to unleash
"A Walt Disney Industrial Training Film". Yes, I watched to the very end.
No, the very end says Lockheed Aircraft Corp, Burbank California, LOL
Very enjoyable and informative video. Thank you from Spokane Valley, WA
Love these old how it's made videos.
Dimpling is NO longer done on any of the commercial aircraft today. Reason dimpling the skin of the aircraft that way caused stress cracks to form on the hole. This video is older then the hills from the 40s or 50s area and a rivet swagged between skins is now considered detrimental to the structure of the plane. All the other processes are still in place in the factory.
I still don't get why do they even use dimpling. It's sounds so illogical structurally. I can't understand the benefits of it
@@medetturgutgokce2001 very late, but it was done to reduce drag, as the dimple was to accommodate the countersunk rivets used to become flush with the skin of the craft.
@@pikatrieu390 it first appeared in the A6M 'Zero' which outperformed contemporary carrier aircraft like the F4F and even some land based ones.
@@medetturgutgokce2001 Countersinking reduces the amount of material the rivet head is holding, dimpling doesn't.
So countersinking removes too much material from thin sheets and dimpling causes stress cracks. How are flush fit rivets installed on the skin of modern aircraft?
Moral: Unless you want to be a drag, keep your head down.
tackyman2011 That was great man. That was really great.
This comment deserves so many more likes
No idea why this is so satisfying to watch.
I worked on aircraft for 40 years and this movie needs updating.
A++
I feel like I should be learning this in engineering school.
Hell yeah! I love old videos like these.
This was a riveting presentation, I was on the edge of my seat.😮
Is this William S Burroughs narrating?
old but gold
I love these old videos!
It's a riveting video, for sure. But this narrator probably never won many awards for an exciting presentation!
Boomers: "When I was your age, no one sat down and explained everything to me in detail. Common sense was my guide!" Boomers' work education:
After watching this video, I have an illusion that I can do riveting.
In manufacturing processes aerospace and aviation tolerances are second to none. Flying close to mach speeds at high altitudes defective rivets can and has lead to catastrophic events. Great tutorial on this subject.
...i will now or in the near future transfer this new knowledge to my friend in our workshop during coffee break...he is a good friend...
Cool. These methods are still used today. Who produced this film? Was it training used for the Army Air Corps or Boeing?
10:20
The video is about Rivets, in case you didn't watch that part either...
It was made by Disney for the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.
They didn't demonstrate the "double flush-hush hush" method of concealing a hole...
The Double Dimple method is genius! So simple yet such an effective method at securing, exctly what engineering should be
I love these old films. Back when quality was in one's name and the workforce was invested in for the sake of everyone's future.
Howard Hughes imagined this and his engineers brought it to reality .
No.
Great things happen when you save your toenail clippings and urine for many years.
Autoplay brought me here, never have an airplane, but after this gonna build one
Not gunna lie - this was fascinating.
I want to rivet aluminum plating on my car with this method ,,is this possible?
I love how there is no mention of the metric system!
It's both old (1960s?) and American so that's two reasons. The use of 3 different size measurements in this one job is typical of imperial-world (power-of-two-fractions of an inch (1/8"), thousdandths of an inch (thou) and arbitrary numerical sizes (#30 drill, actually 0.1285")). It worked, but there really isn't any good reason for it, and just gives extra opportunities for error, which is why nowhere except the US (and probably a few places with old imperial machinery and/or materials) still goes in for this. A 3.2mm rivet in a 3.29mm hole (more likely 3.3mm), with sheets more or less than 1mm thick is a lot easier to understand.
He is just using the system used by America to land on the moon.
Bryce Peters No, we went to the moon using metric. They may have reported ranges and altitudes in miles but they were calculated in kilometers etc.
xxwookey Not really, you don’t have an infinitely number of hole and river sizes to deal with so you actually have to try really hard to mess this up. In the case of assembling a structure with pre determined components it really doesn’t matter at all what the specific units are, you know what you need for the job so you grab those parts from the bins.
Why is this in my suggested vids? I know nothing of rivets, airplanes, bucking bars, lips or sheet metal. I have just demonstrated my lack of knowledge of rivets and dimples.
I'm glad I know this. I have had a pile of aluminium and a radial engine sitting in my yard that I didn't know what I was going to do with.
Wonderful Video and Thanks so much for this information., will seek to apply this to auto body work on an old Ford pickup truck rusted panels.