HOW DO JET ENGINES work and WHY do they get BIGGER Explained by CAPTAIN JOE
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00:00 Intro
01:24 Turbo Jet Engine how does it work?
03:15 Turbo Fan Engine how does it work?
05:10 What is the Bypass?
08:55 Size limitations?
10:47 Geared Turbofan Engine
11:47 Outro
Ever since the advent of the jet, engines have been getting bigger and bigger. It's not just to support large and larger aircraft, or because of some unfounded idea that bigger is better. When it comes to jet engines, bigger actually is better. At least up until a point.
This fantastically concise video by the incomparable MinutePhysics explains the cold, hard math of the matter which essentially boils down to one core point. The bigger a jet engine is, the more efficient it is, because it will waste less energy in the process of adding to a plane's momentum. At least until drag starts to be a factor.
According to some napkin math (which looks positively terrifying when MinutePhysics writes it out on screen), the optimal size for a jet engine is somewhere around 13 feet in diameter, a little bit bigger than the biggest jet engines we have right now. Of course there will always be other innovations that can make jet engines more efficient-like cleverly engineered gearboxes-and small-but-powerful engines will always make sense for fighter jets. But at some point the limiting factors are as simple as the laws of physics.
(Source: MinutePhysics)
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Great video cpt, If anyone here has not booked your call with cpt Joe I highly recommend you book it, I done it and was easly the best aviation chat iv had in years ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐. Joe is a extremely passionate pilot that has the experience to help out new pilot's or answer any questions you may have. You can book the call in the description.
🤗👌🏽😇
Oh nice. What part of the description to book the call have not seen it
pl
He’s amazing
I'm an aeronautical engineering student and I have airbreathing propulsion exam tomorrow. Capt Joe uploaded this on the right time 😭😭😭 Thank you so much Joe.
Oh boy! I totally messed up my Propulsion & Performance Exam and still don’t know how. I’m glad I have still passed the semester though! 😅 Good luck to you, mate! 😁
I'm mechanical engineering student and we also have airbreathing propulsion exam this week. I'm shocked.
Good luck!
@@Tranefine thank you, fam
@@ahuman7523 thank you
A good pilot is always learning. A great teacher is always teaching.
Nice one
I would correct that to "A great teacher is always teaching himself before others"
A great teacher is also always learning
And learning.
Now “suck, squeeze, bang, blow” has a whole new meaning to me 🤪😂
its also how car engines work to
It is how something else works too😂
Captain Joe has taught me too much, I really do hope to become a pilot in the future, I wish for nothing else except the experience of flying on a plane. So many things happening all at once, it's just fascinating. after watching almost all of your videos I realized how little I knew about aviation in general.
I think the Concorde is a TurboJet... Therefore making it the most famous turbojetted aircraft
Indeed. It's the most famous and technologically advanced airliner ever made, anyway. He's (yes "le" Concorde is a "he" here in France) out of competition in many discipline. It was also the first airliner with complete fly-by-wire, FADEC engine management (albeit using analog computers, so technically it was the one and only "FAAEC" system), and rocket-technology-derived inertial guidance autopilot....
Jettedturbo
I agree that the Olympus 593-powered Concorde should be at the top of the list, but I’d add the A12 / SR71 to the tally. Yes, I know the J58 is a ramjet hybrid but it’s also a constantly-afterburning turbofan so it counts in my book. Concorde might be more famous but I’d argue that the J58 is the most amazing air-breathing aero engine ever created, especially the speed-adjustable bypass, variable-geometry intake cones and the hypergolic afterburner ignition system. The variable intake ramps on the Olympus 593, albeit amazing, are slightly less sophisticated. NB. I’m pretty fortunate in that both these aircraft sit in Duxford Imperial War Museum, 10 min drive from my home.
@@filipkonopacki1547 being a great fan of both planes, I have found a way to love both without competition. Concorde is the most famous and most formidable civilian airliner. The Blackbird is the most famous and most formidable military plane. There. Both the best in their domains.
@@Damien.D Une chose est sure c'est que LE Concorde était une merveille à la pointe de la technologie de son époque!
It's mind boggling to me how they come up with this stuff in the first place. WOW, you did a great job of explaining it in simple terms.
If I remember correctly, the initial design came from the turbochargers used on piston engines (to help efficiency and power at higher altitudes). Then someone had the idea to just take out the piston engine and just feed the fuel in. And fun fact, the M1 Abrams tank actually uses a jet engine instead of a traditional one with cylinders.
@@wcvp It's more like the earlier ideas that resulted in piston engine turbo chargers were the same ideas that resulted in turbojets. The basic axial turbojet engine was first sort of partly cobbled together around or before 1900 by Parsons (Ireland / North England) while doing steam turbine power generation machines. A bladed multi stage axial steam turbine coupled to a axial bladed multistage compressor. Then Parsons did some work on the idea of putting combusters in the middle instead of using steam. People at the time were thinking about it's use as an aircraft engine. A French chap came up with the basic axial bladed multistage turbine idea around 1875.
I Have joined a flight dispatch team recently and started working on myself to learn more and more about flight planning and aviation in General , I really enjoy every moment i spend watching your amazing educational vids, interesting and rich of knowledge. Thank you Capt for your efforts.
I love the content. You have such a soothing tone, makes it better. Thanks for this!
The fact that a 777-x can fix a whole 737 fuselage in their engines blow my mind 🤯
Yes. Thats biggest and most powerfull engine for commercial aircraft
Yeah I knew it but still can't make up my mind about that!
@@Damien.D ok.. engineering marvellous
Imagine a 737 with a 777 engine.
@@rocko44444444 The cockpit would be split in half and sucked in the engines at takeoff XD
Joe has a unique personality that defines him in a different way than others.. ❤❤ Keep growing keep flourishing
Very true
Yeah, everybody has his own personality. That's life.😉 Cheers🥂
Great video Joe! Always learning something new and you have a great visual way of explaining things! Cheers
Thanks for the video! Love your technical content. Best explanation of angular velocity I ever heard. As a trained metallurgist, the materials that somehow survive service in turbofan jet engines boggle my mind. Maybe a future video? 😉 Thanks again!
I have recently started playin flight simulator, hence attracted by Joe’s videos. And most of my questions were answered 3-5 years ago. I’m amazed that the Captain can provide interesting contents frequently after all these years. Kudos to u!
Thanks mate!!!
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P
@@flywithcaptainjoe Video idea: Could you and Mentor Pilot play Roblox Pilot Training Flight Simulator together?, It could be a great video as the both of you would fly plane's and just like how it is done in real life, I do mention that the game is filled with idiot's but maybe they will be forced to be serious when you guy's fly the plane's.
The most iconic turbojet is the Concorde. They didn't really have a choice, for supersonic speed they needed the thrust to be of very high speed air, not of high mass of air, so a turbofan wasn't really an option.
That's correct and not a lot of people understand it. The faster you want an airplane to fly the higher the speed of the accelerated air has to be as it leaves the back of the engine. That's why a propeller engine that only accelerates air backward at about 400mph can't propel an airplane forward at 600mph. To do that you need a jet engine that can accelerate the air backwards at about 700mph or more.
Boom is planning to use turbofans in their supersonic airliner.
@@NiHaoMike64 The fan will improve the low altitude, low speed performance of the aircraft. Then the core will take over and accelerate the airplane up to supersonic speeds.
I agree about the Concorde being iconic, but it’s engines are hidden from view. For this reason I’d nominate the Boeing 707 as the most iconic turbojet.
@ Joe Vignolo Not quite. For example, the gas flow in the J-58 in the SR-71 is entirely subsonic even though the plane is flying at Mach 3. The thrust comes from the high pressure and expansion of gasses inside of the divergent nozzle. A single stage fan simply can’t generate those pressures out of the fan duct.
What a great video describing how a turbo fan works. I really enjoyed how you described the bypass ratio.
Using this to help prep for my first airline interview with SkyWest this month and it’s helped so much! Thanks Joe!
Learning new facts every Thursday! "A good pilot is always learning" :)
another amazing and insightful video Joe, nicely done!
I wrote a paper about this for my physics class in high school. Been super interested in jet engines ever since!
The most famous turbojet is the SR-71 if turboramjets count, if not it's the Concorde
Rubbish ask someone if they remember the most FAMOUS aeroplane in the world they will mention the Concorde not the SR71
@@clyth41 you mean the wright flyer, the spirit of St Louis, the Enola Gay, or the Spruce Goose. My wife says the spruce goose.
@@kenbrown2808 Military geeks will say SR-71, most non av geeks will say Concorde bc it’s basically a household name of an aircraft, WW2 geeks will say the Me-262, remember, we’re talking abt turbojets not prop planes. It all just depends on the person really. Personally I instantly thought of the Blackbird. I just adore it.
@@soup1029 it all depends on how you ask the question. if you ask for the most iconic passenger jet, you will probably get a tossup between the Concorde and the 747. if you ask for the best known, this week, you might get the 737 MAX. if you ask for the first jet people think of, Learjet might make a strong showing.
SR-71 has 9.9 billion results on Google. Me-262 = 7.4 billion. Mig-21 = 162 million. Concorde = 89 million.
Thank you for this great video Cpt Joe - understanding the engines is one of my weak points when chatting in our AV community. I now understand the basic principles of an engine, how the bypass system works and has evolved, and the limitations of that system. Agree with you - total respect to engine designers etc. The info about the 777 engine being as wide as the 737 fuselage just blew my mind lol! Great content as always Joe, thank you!
The most famous turbojet aircraft: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. The engines at subsonic speed were indeed a turbojet. But above mach 2, it became a hybrid engine (well it was called turboramjet), and it's fuel efficiency increased.
That what I thought of too; however, the Concorde is, no doubt, more famous to the general public.
Very interesting video. All of your videos are so informative. I appreciate all the hard work you do to prepare these videos!
My first plane ride was on a Constellation four engine prop. The noise was incredible and hearing others talk was difficult. Today’s engines sort of hum and what a difference!
Such a great work learning new things 😀
Thank you for making this.
Joe you are amazing teacher ❤
Love your videos Capt. Hatsoff 👏👏👏 For an aspiring pilot like me you are always on the youtube subscription list 👍 Cheers!
The SR-71 with it's J 58 turbo jet engine.is.probably the most famous jet with a non-fan engine. Great video as always and with me being one of the first group of F 16 mechanics (1979-1983) that shot of an F 16 with all 5 stages of burner lit still gives me chill bumps.
Beautifully explained. Thank you!
I have nothing but love for those videos. Great information, great delivery of it!
It’s a great day when Capt. Joe uploads! 😃
Great video! That explanation of how a turbo engine works - in particular Suck Squeeze Bang Blow - even I could understand and I’m about as far from being an engineer as it’s possible to imagine. I’ve soon got lost when I’ve listened to other explanations, but Joe is such a great teacher I enjoyed this video because I could follow it!
Wow Amazing Thanks for this Detailed Video
Wonderful video and amazing explanation Captain Joe. Thanks for sharing.
Very interesting video! I watched many others on jet engines, but I still learned a lot from this one. I'm looking forward to watching others by Captain Joe!
I really love the noise of jets spooling up; the loudest I've ever heard was a de Havilland Comet 4 built in 1963, which until 2019 used to do fast taxi runs at Bruntingthorpe airfield in Leicestershire; you could walk so close to it during engine start-up (RR Avon turbojets) that I could feel the noise vibrating through my body! It's still there, alongside an HP Victor, but they don't do taxi-runs anymore, as the runway's been turned into a massive car park. I think their EE Lightnings still do engine runs occasionally though. Although I used to live near Heathrow, I've never stood as close to Concorde during spool-up (Bristol Siddeley turbojets, later known as Rolls-Royce), so I can't compare it.
Really enjoying the more posts recently. Nice video as well!
Great Explanation on engine tech. Congrats Captain
Having been fortunate to fly long haul from Birmingham (UK) to Barbados, a 9 hour flight, I just loved the Boeing 787 dreamliner's Rolls Royce Trent 1000 engines. They seemed soooo quiet even at max power on take off. As I understand it, they are also quite fuel efficient too
I always knew how high bipass engines worked but I didn’t know why engines couldn’t go stupidly big due to the fan blades going faster on the outside so I found this really useful thankyou
it's the same reason prop driven planes and helicopters have a maximum airspeed.
I worked for and did and engineering apprenticeship with Rolls Royce so was aware of the tip velocity issue but the main issue with the engines we made was small size needed in helicopters. You couldn't just make them bigger to get more power and you reach a physical size that you can't go below with the HP compressor blades as they don't work. The pressure ration in a helicopter engine was pathetic compared to a much larger engine. To get round that the HP compressor is centrifugal running at mind boggling rpm.
Incredible understandable! Thank you!
Many thanks for the valuable info
Thank you for this very good lesson about the jet-engines! 😃👍 Of course the Concorde is the most famous turbojet aircraft! 😉
Hi, I have worked for Safran Aircraft Engines for a while. By the way, thanks or the appreciation of our work 😃 To give extra information on your very good video: - You mention 80% of the thrust comes from the cold air (bypass). The order of magnitude for the leap is around 65%, and 70% for our competitor if i'm not mistaken. But the general idea is indeed to get a bypass ratio as high as possible. The concept is that the hot air that comes from the nozzle drives the cold flux. Therefore, the faster goes the hot air, the faster goes the cold air as well. And as the cold flux represents 10x the amound of air coming from the hot flow, the thrust developped by this bypassed air is huge. One limitation comes from the fact that at some point, the hot flow is not strong enough to lead that much cold air, and you loose in efficiency. That's why we are desperately trying to increase the RPM of the shafts and fan, as well as the turbines' maximum temperature with composite materials. The goal is to rise hot flux's energy to be able to increase the Bypass ratio even more. - One limitation to even bigger engines is definetely their size: can't mount them under the wing; they disturb the flow over the wing as they get bigger and bigger; they induce more stress and bending moments on the wing as they become way too heavy; and so much stress is applied on the fan and other internal components as all parts become too big and tend not to rotate as fast as smaller ones ... We expect to be able to increase efficiency from a maximum of 10-15% compared to current modern jet engines in the following decade, but the next jet engine generation will require a new technology to go further. That's what the Open rotor is about for example. Bye
Awesome being a captain
Well Explained! Thanks a lot!
Nice video Captain Joe! I used to wonder why the engines on 737s that were manufactured in the 1970s were smaller than the ones manufactured today. Thanks for answering my question!👍
I'm not entirely sure of my answer, but for me the most famous turbojet aircraft is the SR-71 Blackbrid, which was powered by the Pratt & Whitney J58 engines. Those were some mighty engines.
BEST PILOT ON THE TUBE.CANT WAIT FOR NEW INSTALLMENTS,IM WITH YOU RADIO GUY ONLINE,SAME THINKING
Perfect video like always
Once again a great analysis, informative and impressive session Captain Joe.
Famous turbojet: I have to say the early Boeing 707s with the JT3D turbojets. It's amazing what Boeing has done to the 737, which today resembles a twin-engine 707. I miss the classic Boeing 747 "buzzsaw" sound with its P&W JT9D taking off.
JT3D is actually a turbofan which has a low bypass ratio.
@@mrcannotfindaname You are correct. however the first Boeing 707s had the JT3C, which was a turbojet, which was upgraded to the JT3D turbofan. Some links: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D That’s why I nominated the 707 as the most iconic turbojet. (The engines in the Concorde were hidden in the wings!).
This is the clearest explanation I have ever seen !
Very educative vid bro! Keep it up 👏🏽
The Concord was the most well known Turbojet engine aircraft. And, the most loved and missed. Enough to make me actually cry when I saw on T.V. the last one land, thereby bidding a farewell to a dream I will never have the chance to fly on.
The most famous turbojet aircraft I can think of that would be related to this channel would probably be the de Havilland Comet. Opening the door to a new age of air travel while teaching important lessons about the challenges of having a pressurized cabin. Unfortunate that they were such hard learned lessons.
Thank you for the useful and curious information.🇵🇹👍
Our family love learning from your channel. This was another well explained video. Keep up the good work!
Much better graphics and lighting Joe! Keep up the good work.
You forgot about the triple shaft technology of the RR civil engines. This decoupled the Fan from the the LP compressor allowing better rotor speed management.
At the expense of higher weight and complexity.
Thank you for explaining this you definitely get a thumbs up.
What a great video captain your videos always motivated me
Great video, one of the best explanations of jet engine technology that I have ever come across.
A more detailed video is coming soon
Great video that is very informative and interesting to watch. Is there a threshold where it becomes more economical or physically more viable to increase the number of engines as opposed to increasing the size of the engines? I have heard that there's a trend towards twinjets and away from quadjets, but it seems to me that engines can be designed to be only so large and so there must be some point where it becomes more efficient to deploy (three or) four engines.
That is a good point you have here. Maybe in 10 years airliners will need to be bigger and uses the largest turbofan possible to keep pushing the limit of efficiency per passenger transported, and that is where Airbus will deeply regret not having an A380NEO to sell......
@@Damien.D Hahaa, they're too big now. Good bye A 380. Does seem strange, but it just didn't work.
This explanation is so clear, I got it at firt time, Bravo!
Love how turbo fan’s create a majority of the thrust, reduce noise and create a cooling effect for the core of the engine. So simple, yet brilliant! (The acceleration of the turbo fans air via the Venturi effect, again … awesome)!
I have worked for Rolls-Royce for Trent engines, and yes I can say, you've explained everything with super ease..
I'm sure Joe is looking for the Concorde as the answer to his quiz but I'm saying the SR 71 even though some say that's a turboramjet.
It technically is a turboramjet and not a pure turbojet.
@@ChrisZoomER god bless Kelly Johnson for making the most legendary supersonic recon plane to ever soar the skies....
I really like this type of videos and your explanation, thanks Captain Joe!)
Captain Joe has an amazing way explaining airplanes. I am not an engineer but he has a knack of teaching laymen in a very simple way. Great teacher and what a smile. Wonderful
The most known turbo jet aircraft would have been the Havilland comet. As it was the very first to exist as a commercial option.
TheFlightChannel and Captain Joe in one day, yup, this is the day alright 😏
Perfect timing on a rainy day!
Very well explained!
I swear I love this guy!
All the best from RUSSIA for all CJ's subscribers!!!
Nice haircut and the LED light, sir :-) 🙂 Edit: (8:38) Concorde with Rolls Royce SNECMA
Excellent lesson on jet engines. Thank you Captain Joe.
Makes me think of the way we intake our breaths and blow out at different speeds and power. Just like wind when it blows through mountains closer together, the wind blows stronger creating a bottleneck squeeze. The smaller the space the more power it creates. Taking in large amounts of air and squeezing it through smaller area creates power. So cool to hearing him explain this!!!!
As much as I loved and miss the Concorde, the 737 will always be an icon and that it was first rolled out with my favorite airline Lufthansa! The haircut will have to grow on me Joe :). Great video as always!
I would say that the Concorde was the most famous Turbojet airplane that existed.
Another great video, tks capt
One of the best explained materials about jet engines for non engineers!
I would say the de Havilland Comet is a pretty famous turbojet aircraft.
Until a certain BBC reporter got his hands on one, then lungs ruptured.
The Comet was my first thought, but it had a pretty short and sketchy life. I nominated the Boeing 707!
The real question is when will airlines finally implement Rockwell Automation's Retro Encabulator into their engines?
Joe needs to explain it's operation first
wow your studio back ground lighting is dope 👌👍🙏
Thanks Capt Joe very helpful information 👍🛫
2:44 When G-rated meets R-Rated.
Yep, I saw that, laughed for a second. Then thought. Wow, I am an adult with the humor of an adolescent. 😅
Great session, illustrated by great animation clips. I was wondering at what approx. altitude the jet fans start to receive the bypass air ? in other words when can no longer supply the LP compressor with intake air ? Now you know why the aircrafts like cold climates ( air density at higher altitudes)
On the ground, that is where they need the most thrust for takeoff, plus reverse thrust to land safely!
I believe the confusion comes from ALL the air going through the fan, and a small amount of air *after* the fan is drawn into the core.
Great video! I love that! Now I know how a jet engines works. Thank you Captain Joe!
Very cool info thank you.😀
I’m thinking Captain Joe has never heard the buzz saw sound of supersonic fan tips that happens in many turbofans.
The sound of inefficiency 😂
He's heard it all right, mate.
Larger fans create more drag as well. That's another limiting factor to the turbo fan.
Don't forget the cowling weight, it makes up more than a third of the total engine weight.
It actually takes away some of the efficiency coming from the use of the latest engine tech.
Extremely nice and well perceivable presentation. When I watched your videos about landing, instruments, etc, I thought it is going to be all that a pilot does. However, never guessed there is a great aeronautical engineer in you as well. Congratulations.
Brilliant brilliant brilliant video!!!
IMHO, the Messerschmitt ME 262 is the first plane that comes to mind when you ask "What's the most famous turbo jet aircraft?". It revolutionized aircraft propulsion.
The Max and Neo engines look ginormous on their planes.
Most clearly understandable video on this topic, had seen alot on jet engine ,u d best explaination
SUPERB lecture!