Trajan - The Best Emperor #13 (Optimus Princeps) Roman History Documentary Series
Named Optimus Princeps or the best emperor during his time. Trajan has been remember as one of the best Roman Emperors and he presided over a period of renewed conquest and during his reign the empire would reach it's greatest extent and a true start of the Golden Age of the Roman Empire.
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Ten Caesars Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine (Barry Strauss)
Trajan: Optimus Princeps, Roman Imperial Biographies. (Julian Bennett)
Pliny the Younger's “Panegyric in Praise of Trajan
Early Life: 0:00
The New Emperor: 4:05
The First Dacian War: 6:54
The Second Dacian War: 11:33
Trajan's Buildings: 16:34
Internal Affairs: 18:25
The Parthian Campaign: 21:18
Death of a Princeps: 23:39
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In Bulgaria we have a mountain pass called Gate of Trajan where a fortress used to stand to mark out the border between the provinces of Thrace and Macedonia.
A leech that grows on walls indeed 😄
ayyyy Траянови врата
Yes, the place is also famous for it was the largest defeat of the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II, who was defeated by the First Bulgarian Empire. Great channel btw. I really enjoyed all the videos from #1. You can do some series on famous Romans during the Republican period too.
Bul sh
@@TheSPQRHistorian what do you mean ?
OPTIMVS PRINCEPS! The ONLY Roman emperor mentioned in the same breath as Augustus by the Roman people. Hail Trajan!
Trajan is the GOAT.
@@HoleintheMeadow Vespasian
@@num1sooner Vespasian is better than Trajan? I mean, Theodosius or Justinian I could see arguments for. Even Constantine or Claudius. But Vespasian?
@@HoleintheMeadow loved him and Titus! The mule breeder, came from humble origins was old school Roman and very honorable, never once profited off his positions, he put Rome first, and most importantly he lived after pissing off Nero while nodding off during one of his poet performances. He even escaped Nero’s mothers wrath. Remember he came in right after the year of 4 emperors. I have a way of loving controversial characters in history, Jackson is my favorite President.
This comment and this thread is pretty darn Nice !
Trajan is an underrated emperor. Yes, if you know history, you will know about him, but if you ask people on the street to name a Roman, they will say Julius Caesar.
Yeah I know what you mean, they generally know of Julius Caesar and perhaps Nero
@@TheSPQRHistorian Maybe even Constantine the Great for his religious revolution too
@@OttomanHistoryHub Perhaps, I know here in Sweden we don't really know about him - but that can probably be due to the fact that we're pretty secular and don't care about religion or history xD
They'll probably say Augustus as well.
The Romans were getting it right until they started the whole blood birthright nonsense thing again and they ended up with that idiot Commodos.
In Algeria, North Africa, we have a whole city in the south east called Timgad, built under Trajan reign for veterans of war. Thanks for putting him under the light for me, as I never thought I'll be able to find a documentary dedicated just to him.
I hope Algeria and other parts of North Africa will work to recover their Classical Greek and Roman history/culture.
That's so fkin awesome. I'd be so proud to live in that city.
The movie 'Legend of the Lost" 1957 was filmed and centred arouind that city.Look it up.
Trajan's forum was magnificent. I'm so sad about how little of it is left in Rome. Those 19 years were truly the best times to be alive in the empire.
Yeah, It would have been amazing to see Trajans forum when it was still intact
LOL best time to be alive unless you were a young boy XD
@@rjjacob101 You unfairly project modern Western sensibilities on Trajan. In antique societies chidren and teenagers where not seen as requiring special protection, at least not once the reached what we would call primary school age 7. Roman girls and boys of lower status would often marry shortly after reaching sexual maturity. In a harsh world with average life expectancies of 33 to 35 years and female fertility ceasing much earlier than nowadays that was sensible. Aristocratic families may take a few years more to arrange a match, because they had much higher life expectancies due to better food, housing, medical care and no manual labour and weren't dependent on large families for economic survival. However, as Romans weren't exactly prudish sexual interactions on all levels of society by both genders started equally early with puberty. Virginity wasn't a requirement for Roman women to marry well, status and financial means were so they did not hold back either. In this context, please be aware that contemporaries did not frown on Trajan for having sex with boys because of the young age of his playmates but because homosexuality was considered an effimate Greek custom (anal sex is called "going Greek" in some countries to this day) unworthy of a true Roman. Why? It could not produce children (Greek customs originated from cities, Roman customs from farming communities). Mind, it was not prohibited but traditional Romans would consider it as a waste of male stamina and seed that would be better invested in "ploughing a female" to impregnate her. Farming values are all about every action serving the objectives of procreation and harvesting after all. Trajan and his wife not having any children of their own after years of marriage would have been especially open to that kind of criticism.
@@privatesmith1560 He was joking
You missed perhaps Trajan's most important contribution to Rome and the army. This was his re-organisation of the Legions but most of all it was his instruction that Legionaries were to carry 3 months food supply with them in the form of a mixture of butter, yoghurt, milk and flour, mixed up and dried in the sun and then ground up into a powder so that it could be carried in pouches on the belt. On campaigns, any cook was just ordered to fill the cauldron with water and begin boiling it! Legionaries would all then deposit a small amount of "Trajana" (about a teaspoon full) into the cauldron and then go foraging for soup ingredients and additives such as a wild fowl or herbs or vegetables etc! In this way, the army wasn't bogged down with supplies and utensils. The legionary would carry all that he needed with him.
Trajans column even though heavily stylized is my favourite of all sights to see in Rome.The laid out version a cast of the original is available to view in a building near to the column.Fascinating!!😮
He was the Man. The only emperor who was going faster than Rome itself.
Last summer when I went to southern Turkey I was amazed at the amount of buildings and statues preserved dating back to the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. Hadrians gate in Antalya and countless building in Perge and Side were just awe-inspiring to look at. Its truly a miracle that such historical places have survived for almost two-thousand years. The Roman Empire might have died over a thousand years ago, but its legacy still lives on in rural parts of southern Turkey. Great video!
I visited southern Turkey a few years back and it's truly staggering how many archaeological sites there are and how well preserved they are. I remember when I went to Perge I was almost alone there, and when I worked in Lycia we visited many sites that were not open to the public, high up in the mountains - truly spectacular.
Hadrian, Trajan, Constatine, Augustus and Vespasian round out the top 5 best empereror ever. Claudius is underrated also. I'm sure there are others who were good, but I can't think of others.
It died less than 600 years ago. Constantinople, 1453
@@JayCity10 best emperor is no emperor. Rome was a republic and they degraded it.
@@JayCity10 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (/ɔːˈriːliəs/ aw-REE-lee-əs;[2] 26 April 121 - 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161.
Re 14:00. 500.000 Roman pounds of gold is 161.250 kilogram which has a value as per May 2021 of €7,740 American Billion (€7.740.000.000). And then there was the silver in addition to that. In total it was EIGHT thousand million Euros (eight American billion) in total. Even by today's standards, the treasure was gargantuan.
Wow, talk about leaps and bounds, the quilty of this video is getting quite exceptional. Its almost classic that important emperors like Trajan have some of the worst or few surviving sources.
Thank you! I'm always trying to improve the production with each video, and yeah I really wanted to dig a lot deeper on the Dacian wars, but it's not really possible 😐
@@TheSPQRHistorianYou can only work with what's available. If the only info that has come down to us is limited what can you Do??he shrugs!
How long do i have to wait for Aurelian episode?🤣🤣 let's say 5 years from now
It might be a while 😂 But I think many of the 3rd century Emperors will be a bit shorter videos - short reigns and poor sources.
Vengo del futuro, se tardó 3 años😅
Bro I've been waiting for this episode since the first video about Augustus. So hyped
Yeah me to! Ive been working on this video for a long time 😅
Optimus princeps la sua gloria vivrà per sempre
@Realpeopleneverpost lol why, all we know about him is his greatness
I did not know he took half a million Dacians prisoner and enslaved them. If my fellow Romanians would know that, they would not revere him so much. He is considered to be along with Decebalus, the father of the Romanian nation. Some father! who rolled the other father's head on the step of the capitol. Another thing I didn't know was that those people who killed some many Dacians, were put in charge of the province. So they are our forefathers...
Friendship ended with Augustus, now Marcus Ulpius Traianus is my new best friend.
Ave'
Trajan is the most underrated emperor of Rome history, i'd say he was the second best after Augustus. I was looking for some pics with explanation about Trajan column but finally i found something, a bit but it is so good.
Augustus was among the worst Emperor in roman empire. A coward who brought bunch of crazies as successor.
@@jameshunk7211 hahaha ur such a Clown
@@jameshunk7211 cap Augustus is big daddy numero uno
Read Trajans 3 novels by Santiago posteguillos, incredible work
What a great leader Trajan was
Yeah he really was one of the greats
They were borth en the land of machos Spain glorious Emperadors
One of the founding fathers of Romania. All hail Trajan!
Hail Divus Trajan!
Trajan is Spanish,saludos desde España🇪🇸
@@die2006 so was Hadrian.
Rofl.
@@c.8276 ?
I still hold out hope someone will find a copy of Trajan's personal commentaries on his campaigns... Having his personal record and insight into his campaigns would be incredible and equal with Caesar's own commentaries on his wars.
That would be a fantastic source - lets hope!
From where you take the source ?😅And who talks about Deceballus?All the story of dacian war you found în Forum Trajan,s.That story is a Point of view of romans..greeks observers tells us about a looting of Dacians for gold and slaves.Trajan takes gold.Not slaves becouse they run or killed themselves.To the Rome was gladiators tracian(from Bulgaria,today).This tribes surrender in Moesia to Hebrida.See to Vatican Romanae Anales.Dacian are produse people an prefer prefer die not to be enclave.All you said it,s a fake story....sorry.it,s mistification of true history by the intrested person.ahahahahah.!
Well, as a Romanian, this is a little different version of history. From what I know, Trajan came to Dacia and fought Decebalus for the gold Dacia had in the Carpathian mountains. But I will look into that
Aurelian was a very good Emperor too :) He restaured Rome in a huge crysis. :)
Small fact: though Trajan was indeed the first non-Italian Emperor, he was not the first born outside Italy. Claudius was born in Lugdunum, in Gaul
Correct
The Ulpii respectively Trajans ancestors were from Italia.
@@TheTrajanator Claudius ancestors were from Italy as well.
Trajan ancestors were from Iberia so there's a slight difference
claudio part of claudio giulia dinasty they was all born in italy from cesar to nero.
Hi, for those interested in Traianus' life and history, I recommend the trilogy composed by Los asesinos del emperador (The assassins of the emperor), Circo Máximo (Circus Maximus) and La legión perdida* (The lost legion), by Santiago Posteguillo. Original in Spanish but I guess it must be translated into other languages. They are novels, so there's obviously some fiction but they are extraordinaryly well documented historically. I recommend to read as well all the author's notes, since he explains which are his sources, what parts are definitley fiction, wich ones are not so clear, etc. From the same author I also recommend the trilogy composed by Africanus, el hijo del Cónsul (Africanus, the son of the Consul), Las legiones malditas (The doomed/cursed legions) and La traición de Roma (Rome's treason), about the life of Scipio Africanus, in case you are also interested. And also a bilogy about Julia Domna, contemporary of emperor Comodo: Yo, Julia (I, Julia) and Y Julia retó a los dioses (And Julia challenged the gods). * In The lost legion, using the Trajan's Parthian campaign, the author links with a previous story you may have heard of about a group of surviving Roman prisioners after Crasus' defeat. If you know the story, you know what I'm talking about, in case you don't, I will say no more. This story is not confirmed at all, but there are some clues that may makes us think that there might be some truth in it. I think you won't regret. Enjoy.
I just saw this video, and your post. I'm going to try and find all of these books, preferrably in Dutch, otherwise maybe in English or German. Thank you so much for referring to them :)
He was an incredible emperor just behind Aurelian
BEST COMMENT OF ALL TIME. NO ONE CAN COMPARE TO AURELIAN AND GERMANICUS. germanicus may had been jesus.
If I had an opportunity to make a wish to change history, it would for Germanicus to become the roman emperor
@@onceforthrfact8499 We would be speaking latin today if Aurelian lived longer and Germanicus was ever emperor, so sad.
Constantine
Aurelian was the greatest Emperor Rome had. He was a God, he was Sol Invictus.
Just wanted to add a bit more detail on Trajan's connection to Titus - his uncle by marriage - Trajan senior was a Tribune of LV based in Xanten - Castra Vetera - when Titus was there as a young man serving under Pliny. Corbulo, Trajan's initial sponsor had been in command before - Trajan senior moved later to Corbulo's new command in the east. It was highly likely that Marcia and the kids were with Trajan senior on base. If so, Titus would have been in their social circle and might have seen a lot of them. Titus was not yet married to Marcia then and I also then wonder if knowing Marcia senior well may have played a part in his later marriage to her younger sister??
There was definitely a close bond between Trajan's family and the Flavians. Little is recorded about Vespasian's reign, but I suspect the elder Trajan likely held a prominent role, given his consulship and two governorships. I feel the younger Trajan's ties were closer to Domitian, who was only two years older than he, rather than Titus. Domitian has been getting a rehabilitation of sorts from modern historians (myself included), and something in his favour has to be how loyal Trajan was to him. After helping put down Saturnius' revolt in Germania, Domitian granted him that rare honour of an "ordinary" consulship lasting an entire year instead of the much shorter suffect term. Three years later it was he who Domitian called upon to restore order in Pannonia when the Marcomanni and Quadi rebelled, aided by their kinsmen across the Danube, and destroying Legio XXI in the process. Trajan marched from Hispania across northern Italia with Legio VII, where he was reinforced by Legio XIV from Germania Superior. Including auxiliaries, he had at least 20,000 soldiers under his command. Given that he was loved by the plebs, senate, and the army, if he had imperial aspirations, he could have easily marched on Rome before or after sorting out Pannonia. He didn't, and even the ever-paranoid Domitian trusted him completely (to be fair, Domitian's paranoia proved well-founded).
Me an Romanian watching this, and thinking hmmmm looks like if this man did not exist my country also would not exist, as everywhere in Romania , almost even the most uneducated person knows that Trajan and Decebal are the founding fathers of Romanian Nation.
That's incredibly ironic I love it
I think Trajan’s name is even in your anthem.
Traiano Pater Patriae
Well, my dear, it looks we're having the same problem like Traian's daughter, Drosida/Drusilla, a Beata/Mucenica in the Romanian Orthodox Calendar - all our southern villages named Traian/Troian doesn't seem to matter to anybody, nor the name of the Arges River, the same name of two villages existing in Spain, one in the southern Spain, the other one towards north, close to Las Burebas and so on. Damnatio memorie still works after such a long time, since "there are no sources about Traian", except that one Saint asked God to forgive Traian and the answer was he's forgiven and you stop praying for who's not Christian ( remember that Saint Andrew was the one protected by the dacians almost fifthy years before the arrival of Traian to Dacia). OmG, stuborned corector!
Salut! And Romania is the only standing nation that uses the highest percentage of Latin in all of Europe, greetings from Puebla, Mexico!!
He didn’t like hunting. He thought it was an absolute waste of time and (likely) traveled to Greece to grab up Hadrian because he heard he was hunting.
The best birthday gift i could ask for! Thank you for this amazing documentary about Rome's best Emperor! :)
Happy Birthday Noah! Hope you have a great day and enjoy the video 😉
Amazing documentary, amazing editing and commentary, amazing channel overall. Thank you so much Sir!
One can say that Decabulus acted treacherously from the beginning and attacked Roman provinces and allies without provocation, bringing his later fate down on his own head and on his nation.
A beautifully produced documentary, excellently researched and presented, one of the best made for this brilliant channel. Thanks a lot for your good work.
Don't forget about Augustus who ushered in the Pax Romana and is considered the most effective leader in human history.
🦅⚡🤴🗡🏰🏛Emperor Trajan is my fav Roman Emperors ⚔🛡🤺🏇🐎👑🏹 i obviously subbed
"Elderly?" at 44? Dang, times were tough...
Excellent! I love ancient Rome history and this channel is amazing!
Thank you 😀
The presentation and effects are terrific.
These are the best videos! Thank you!
Great vid. Well put togethor. Thanks for the content.
In the Romanian capital of Bucharest exists a cultural institution named Children of Trajan, in which events are spoken in ancient Latin in honor of the famous Roman emperor!
Damn your channel deserve more.
Please do more of these they are amazing so much information
The greatest Emperor of all time.
I am from Selinus where he died. Selinus is called Gazipasa in modern day Turkey. I have a good feeling about growing up in a small town that has too many historical ruins from the Roman and Byzantium Empires.
Great work man
Superb video.
I know I've watched your stellar videos before, many times in fact, so I'm surprised I wasn't already subscribed! Lol I swear I subbed when I first discovered your channel, very weird. Well I'm here now & doubling down on your brilliant & succinct videos on specific topics. Much love from California,
Wow, this was an amazing video! You've got yourself a new subscriber and I will add your series to my 'must watch' list.
Thanks Robin!
Love this guy!
Yeah Trajan is a pretty lovely guy :D
Love your videos. Keep it up man
Thanks Ben! Will do! 🙏
Los emperadores Trajano y Adriano eran de Itálica, Sevilla España, cuna del segundo imperio español
omg, please tell me you're going to continue this series?? I need Hadrian!!!
Yeah Im working on Hadrian atm, its gonna be a long video... 😉
25:45 music for Austrian Kaisers used for Roman Caesars, I can dig it
Great video series....
very good video and most informative
Very good. Thank you 👍🏼
>Super glowing sanitized portrayal of Trajan's campaigning in Dacia for several minutes >12 seconds to say "Oh yeah, the country was utterly destroyed, and half a million people were taken to fight to death or slavery, moving on"
Great video
Great video!
Great videos.
Excellent series! Love the Romans! Thanks for doing it. One thing caught my ear. The music is a variation of Germany's national anthem. Too funny! Salve!
I’ve totally enjoyed this video and will be a new subscriber after I finish this comment. I did find that I pronounce the words Dacia and Danube quite different than you do but I can possibly dig up the strength to look past that lol.
Another great video! Can’t wait for u to do Caracella!!!
Thanks brandbw! 🙌👏
Great content! I hope you will get much more views soon!
Thank You!
Очень толковое повествование,пожалуй лучшее на ютуб что я видел.Ты молодец.
Oversimplified but true and accurate. Good documentary. Nerva adopted Trajan to save himself and hopefully secure his position as Emperior; which thankfully for him it did. Nerva's Authority as Emperior was restored based solely on Trajan's Standing. To Trajan's Credit, he honored the old 'treaties' with Decabalous but he let it be know that this arrrangment will not last as far as decabalous was concerened. Trajan is the Optimis Princeps.
Dacia was what we know today as Romania , which was conquered by Emperor Trajan ...
Oh Trajan...I just have to love him because he's the "child" of my bae Nerva (and because he did awsome as emperor). Love, how you bring all the important things up in this relativly short Video. Greetings from Germania superior 😊
Thanks! Yeah, I try to cover all the main things in each Emperor's reign - sometimes that's a 5 min video, in the case of Nerva, or 26 mins in this case :D
@@TheSPQRHistorian Nerva was a real behind the scenes guy - close to Vespasian - it was Nerva who revealed the Pisonian Conspiracy to Nero - he was given a Triumph for this! Also gave Titus the heads up causing Titus to divorce Marcia - her family were deeply implicated. Domitian killing of the Freedman Epaphroditus - Nero's top Freedman- for not stopping Nero from killing himself, he was present at the end - sent a strong message to the Imperial Bureaucracy that even they were not safe and I suspect drove the assassination. Nerva would have known Epaphroditus very well and for many decades
I love this narrator. Who is he? Have him on more often. Also love the soundtrack in this video.
0:35 Trajan is not the first roman emperor born outside Italy. Claudius was born in Lugdunum (Lyon, France).
I'm specifically interested in Hadrian - Antinoos - and the doomed trip down the Nile River. I have a million questions if you need material to research
Claudius was born in Italy ? That's super exicting and groundbreaking news :D
I liked the video. Trajan is one of my favorite emperors. But I had a problem with the background music. The tune was the German National Anthem, once known as Deutschland Uber Alles.
Rome had such great leaders. No wonder why they lasted so long. Ave roma un romanum.
Rome also had some fucking terrible leaders. It arguably spent more time under middling or poor leadership than it did under great leadership. It was much more than the leaders that made them last >1000 years
small correction: Trajan was not the first Roman Emperor born outside of italy, Claudius was.. born in Lugdunum, Gaul, modern day France. And yes, Claudius was born of two parents that were born in Rome themselves, he being birthed while his father was stationed in Gaul, doesnt make him a provincial Emperor. BUT he was the first Roman Emperor born outside or modern Italy. Cheers!
This. Trajan too had Roman parents and was of senatorial stock from the gens Ulpia. Even up to the Severans, most emperors had noble Roman blood. Rome wouldn’t see true provincial emperors until the crisis of the third century.
will name a son after Trajan best emperor in my opinion
Oh nice audio now congrats!
A great emperor by Roman standards, - intelligent,honurable,and a real bonus - sane ( so many emperors weren't). Interesting he seems to e idolised in Romania,which is ironic,considering his wars with the Dacians were tantamount to genocide. Still,a truly formidable man.
He is idolized in Romania because Romania is more Roman than Dacian (the name of the country says it all). Because of Trajan, Romania is what it is today, a country with a language that is the closest grammatically to the Latin language. A huge number of Romans moved to Dacia and settled there (mostly they came from Southern Italy) because the land was very rich in gold. This is why the population turned mostly Roman in the following centuries, and today Romania is the only country East of Italy that is of Roman origin and speaks a Romance language.
@@MiguelAngel-pp5ow thanks for the history lesson,even though I am aware of it. Just interesting having a Roman emperor as a national idol.In that regard,Romania is unique.
I see a video about a Roman Emperor I Like I see a channel all about the Roman History I subscribe
Really good. Can you guys do Hadrian next?
Thanks Frank! I'm working on Hadrian script atm :)
@@TheSPQRHistorianNice.
25:12 Is that Deutschlandlied (Deutschland Deustchland Über Alles?) playing in the background? I didn't expect that on a video about Rome. Edit: It's at 9:52 as well.
10:10 i was watching the video when i suddenly heard my national hymne lmao haha.. greetings .. a german :D
My favourite duo> Trajan and Aurelian
Hello HistoriaMilitum, 🤩, I would like to state that according to me, the column is not the largest edifice raised about the Dacians, maybe not even the fortress of Sarmizegetusa, but the triumphal arch of Constantine the Great erected after the battle of 312 on the Milvius bridge. Then and there the future fate of Christian teachings was decided. In the Ingressus scene when Constantine enters Rome, he is accompanied by the Dacian troops with their wolf banners, troops who fought against the Persians under Galerius, the Roman emperor of Dacian origin. I consider that the arch is an edifice that primarily celebrates their heroism on the Milvius bridge. Kudos to your entire team for the educational information..😘
Thanks Commander Riker
I'm glad I picked him for my Roman emperor person thing
Septimius Severus expanded the empire to its greatest extent, and like Trajan most of their resent conquests were lost after they died.
Bingo
At 14:10, you mention the gold and silver treasury. That is about 250 tons of gold and double in silver. Do you have a historical source? Thank you!
OH SO NICEEE!!!
please more of the emperors even the usupers.
Conquer Dacia, get that Trajan stimmy
Great video. I always thought Dacia was pronounced like "day-sha".
It is pronounced "Da-Chi-Ya". Romanians pronounce "Ci" like in Latin.
Proud of being born in the same territory as him
@ .39 the vid states Trajan was the first Roman emperor not born in Italy. Claudius, however, was the 4th emperor, and he was born in Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France).
IT was under Trajan that the first fund for widows and orphans was ever established.
Never implemented, though...
EMPEROR TRAJAN WAS FROM SPAIN!? 😍
Si
Yup from italica, the actual Sevilla
No. Spain didn't exist.
My jaw falls open at his crazy mispronunciation.
Like " LeGate" of the legion
Otto was in my opinion my favorite emperor so far. Just because he was willing to give his life to save others. No other leader does this. Trajan is also a great emperor
Ave Divus Traianus!
This episode was great! Educated American scholars do make the best reports. Proper annunciation of the English language is imperative. The British, though knowledgeable, always manage the English language. Thanks for a great video.
I think you mean "mangled" and not manage? Imagine throwing shade and butchering the words you're trying to fucking say 😂😂
Defo in the top five emperors
Yeah I agree
5 good Emperors built Roman peak. AURELIAN RESTORED IT Restitutor Orbis