Part 2: How Does New Genetic Information Evolve? Gene Duplications
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In our first animation of this series we learned how point mutations can edit genetic information. Here we see how duplication events can dramatically lengthen the genetic code of an individual. As point mutations add up in the duplicated region across generations, entirely new genes with new functions can evolve.
In the video we see three examples of gene duplications resulting in new traits for the creatures who inherit them: the evolution of a venom gene in snakes, the evolution of leaf digestion genes in monkeys, and the evolution of burrowing legs in hunting dogs.
Learn more on our website at statedclearly.com/
SCIENCE ADVISORS:
Jianzhi "George" Zhang, PhD
Joanna Masel, PhD
Kini R Manjunatha, PhD
Nicholas Casewell, PhD
SPONSOR:
This video was sponsored in part by Gene-Tools LLC, a company producing molecules used to study cancer and gene function. If your lab studies genetics, cancer, or developmental biology, make sure to check them out at www.gene-tools.com/
NOTES:
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How do new genes evolve?
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Read about the many different ways in which entirely new genes come into existence: www.nature.com/scitable/topicp...
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Observed gene duplications In Bacteria
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Here, gene duplication was directly observed from generation to generation. After duplication, a new function was seen to evolve.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic...
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Observed or inferred gene duplications In mice
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Here, genetically identical mice were allowed to breed for several generations and then gene number variations were compared in the final populations.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic...
journals.plos.org/plosone/arti...
Here, gene number variations were compared among populations of wild mice.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic...
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Gene Duplication in Dogs
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A single gene duplication makes short legs: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Two duplications give even shorter legs, but also cause back problems:
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
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Factor X Snake venom evolution
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Factor X is what it’s called in the blood.
Trocarin D is what it’s called in the venom gland.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10...
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Snake venom is modified saliva
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The venom gland is derived from what are called “Dental Glands” which are found in reptiles and produce oral secretions like our saliva glands. In particular, the venom gland appears to be homologous to the Duvernoy's gland in non-venomous snakes. Little research has been done on the function of Duvernoy’s glands in non-venomous snakes but in most species, its secretions appear to be used as lubrication to aid in swallowing. Enzymes are also produced that may aid in killing, paralyzing, and digesting prey but these functions appear to be limited in their power and are only found in certain species.
people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/ZJ...
www.public.wsu.edu/~kkardong/W...
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How do blood clots form?
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Read an overview of how the blood clotting cascade functions and may have evolved:
www.millerandlevine.com/km/evo...
Watch a cool 3D animation showing how Factor X interacts with other molecules and structures in the blood to form clots!
• Coagulation Cascade An...
Arabic CCs by Ammar Abu-Shukur
We need more science communicators like you. Science is interesting but can often be hard to understand. The way you animate and break down things so that even a child can understand really helps the public. Just like Neil Degrasse Tyson or Bill Nye, you guys help make learning about science fun
the evolution of snake vemon was pretty interesting indeed :D
The snake venom is a perfect example of the failure of logic that happens all the time in the mind of the evolutionist. Careless, elementary reasoning. Think deeper. We observe: 1) that organisms have factor X in the bloodstream. 2) Snake venom consists of pre activated factor X. Therefore the snake evolved the trait through evolution. What? This does not logically follow. Ask any student in a class of logic. The observation is correct, but the conclusion has nothing to do with the observation. The fact that a similar substance is used in the glands of a snake, has nothing to do with the process of evolution. You would have to guess, assume, theorize that it was through the process of evolution, that the snake acquired that trait. But it does not logically follow. Now, lets go back a million years when the snake "began" forming this "new trait". When there was a very low quantity of factor x in the saliva, it would do nothing to its prey. Why then would natural selection select a tiny increase in factor x, if it has no benefit? This would have to happen hundreds of thousands of times if not millions for the factor x to become abundant enough to affect the prey. Now why would this happen hundreds of thousands or millions of times, if it wasn't beneficial? Why would natural selection keep something so useless for millions of years, before it gave any affect? Keep in mind, it doesn't have knowledge of the future, it doesn't plan traits... This same reasoning can be applied for any new trait forming. Most traits are only beneficial in the complete state, and cannot be beneficial while its forming over millions of years. Think of a few yourself... you will see that they are only useful in a complete state.
@@Chemike21 do you think geneticists overlooked or are incapable of this so called elementary reasoning? Once a gene is duplicated there are various mechanisms that regulate gene expression.There are various mutations that can greatly increase or decrease gene expression. Now does equal concentrations/expression of X factor affects all animals similarly? Or is it more likely that small animals with narrower blood vessels and high heart rates are effected more so than larger prey? "The same reason can be applied for any new trait and *most traits are only beneficial in the complete state and cannot be beneficial while forming over millions of years*" Come on, you're joking right? Have you not come across any examples or have you never bothered looking? How about a mudskipper climbing a tree. I don't know what you mean by complete state but using fins to climb trees seems inefficient but it gets the job done. Or do you think that it was designed/created to climb a tree using its fins?
@@dsoma1071 are you telling me that the mudskipper mainly moves around in the trees? Or does it mainly move around in or on water? I would assume it spends most of its time in or on water... Just because it can get into a tree, doesnt mean that its what the design was for. The design was for water. A deer can climb cliff sides and trees... Its not what the hooves were designed for... Duh? I can use an iphone as a hammer, man what a poor design for a hammer.... and yes, snake venom is usless if it doesnt do anything to its prey because of the insignificant amounts of x factor in its early stages. Therefore the survivability of the organism does not increase, and natural selection doesnt work to progress the evolution of the trait.
@@Chemike21 - Also, no book in the world has an explanation as to how an actual evolutionary change could occur. The only examples they have nothing to do with what evolution would require but only examples that are excellent design features using already existing information. Evolution requires adding new information. Just calling any change or all changes "Evolution" can not make evolution possible but only shows how dishonest they are.
The evolution of snake venom is interesting indeed but it's micro evolution. It cannot explain macro-evolution and the emergence of new genes domains that are necessary for the emergence of new species.
The day a new Stated Clearly video comes out is a good day.
I have myopia and it allows me to "flourish" in niche of electronics where I take off my glasses and can see onerously tiny letters on components two times bigger than a healthy individual.
Subscribed! I have really enjoyed every video. It's awesome to see evolutionary concepts brought to life so skillfully. Together the animation and narration really deliver a crystal clear package, keep up the good work!!
I can't thank you enough for your great videos! In terms of high quality content, you belong to the very best KZheadrs I know of. Please continue making such good stuff! It makes the world a better place :)
Nobody denying evolution in the comments? Have I died and gone to heaven?
maybe they learned to mind their own bussiness
hay guyz haf u herd tat ebolution is fak cause a book sad soo
***** it was just a joke. Calm yo'self
+Islamic Ba'athism he stated no one was arguing about evolution so I was joking by posting that
I said it like that because that was something they would say I just didn't want him thinking I was actually trying to argue by putting it funny but obviously you didn't understand that
Well done as always. I'm always looking forward to the next episode!
which will probably be released 2018
I'm embarrassed to say that I first viewed one of your videos YEARS ago and only now subscribed to your channel. My delay was an egregious oversight.
This channel is one of the best at explaining evolution you just gained a supporter
Thank you so much! Your animations are so fun and you really do make complicated concepts easier to grasp :) I loved the animation when the zoom out from the 'tissue' image was of the baboons pink butt. That cracked up! Also the bigger and bigger upside down dead animals was hilarious!
Continue on with this series! It's awesome.
❤beautiful animation and I like the softness of your voice Jon Perry.
These how genetic information evolve videos are really great. I hope you continue the series and go through all the different ways this can happen.
Listening to this as a refresher for a university bioinformatics course. Thank you for such clear explanations!
What an excellent video. Keep making more!
welcome back :) another great video as usual
This is so good. Please keep up the great work!!
Well thank you, John Perry. That was stated clearly enough.
No Name When you get an original thought, I'll let you know.
+No Name So, are you saying that having faith is a bad thing?
Actually it is a bad thing. Faith is the name people give for believing something without good reasons.
Junkass69 His original argument was that the theory of evolution requires faith.
Sikh Atheist In that case it would be the only "faith" based belief with literal mountains of evidence.
Thanks John! And other developers, this video is very interesting!
Well done. Thanks for making the video.
Very good video! Good work! Looking forward to the next videos
Well done! keep up with your awesome work, we love it!
Thanks a lot for bringing it the way that is so easy so to understand.
welcome back..! i love your presentation..
You teach what dupliaion leats to, but i would love to hear from you also how and when duplication works. Thanks
Fantastic video! Hope you keep making more!
Nice video, I hope there is a next one soon.
+Stated Clearly Seriously.... I love these vidoes! You've made it so simple to explain to a creationist how "information" can be added to our DNA. The reponse I'm not getting is that a mutation is always a corruption of the DNA code. Its a negative effect... etc. I explained that a duplication error, or a point mutation is just a change. And that a new feature isn't 'negative' or 'positive' on its own.... but rather.... it depends on the environment. Calling mutations "negative" before they've been subject to an environment is really preempting it's usefulness. Anyway... I'm loving these vids. Very clearly stated indeed. I need to watch them all. What is your education by the way?
darkhorse....I can easily show the fraud and deception in every sentence the video used. That videos is extremely anti-science and is garbage.
@@danminer5343 yeah sure buddy. If you can why don't you?
@@yeahkeen2905, I already shown people how every sentence that evolutionists have told is how it is fraud and deception. IT is easy to expose the lies and fraud if you have studied and know the science. Never has any science been found that showed how evolution could be possible and no evidence that it has happened has ever been found. Just saying that everything is evolution is not science nor true. No book in the world has any explanation as to how evolution could be possible. They just say "evolution did it" without any explanation. I challenge you to find a scientific reason to believe in the fiction story of evolutionism.
@@danminer5343 nice deflection. You did not in anyway explain how every sentence of the video was wrong, you just said it's wrong because evolution is wrong (it isn't) and that evolution is wrong because there's no evidence (there is). Let me name some examples of the evidence for evolution since you have some trouble understanding. DNA similarities between organisms, similarities in anatomical structure between organisms and fossils, observed microevolution, observed speciation, observed chemical evolution, observed evolution of endosymbiosis in microorganisms et cetera, et cetera. We have observed bacteria and viruses evolving to become resistant medication, et cetera, et cetera. We have observed one species of bird evolving into two, et cetera, et cetera. Do you understand now?
@@yeahkeen2905 Thank you for your reply and for showing me the examples the evolutionists used to trick you. I have heard of those examples of fraud many many times. (1) The only similarities that exist between taxon are required for good design. Those similarities are proof of excellent design which requires those similarities, thus it is dishonest to use that argument against good design. What evolutionists must explain the ORIGIN of each part and system, which they have never been able to do. DNA has less similarity between taxon that does the The anatomical features. (2) The term "micro-evolution" was invented by Julian Huxley to label all non-evolutionary changes, changes enabled by good design and have nothing to do with evolution. (3) Most fossils observed in the fossil record still exist today and all of them that do still exist today are exactly the same as found in the fossil record with no evolutionary change. This is an example of the creation model. (4) All speciation results in losing information and never has it been observed to result in new information or new parts and systems. This is an argument for the creation model. (5) There is no such thing as "chemical evolution", only a failed attempt of searching for such a thing. An example of a failed prediction. (6) There is no such thing as "endosymbiosis in microorganisms, That has been proven to be nothing but a imaginary idea to support the story of evolution but is not scientific. Another example of a failed prediction. (7) Never has it been found for bacterial resistance to be due to evolution. It has always occurred by either losing information or using already existing information, thus it is dishonest to claim that is an example of evolution because it is the opposite of evolution. Resistance to Actinonin is caused by a loss of enzyme activity Resistance to Ampicillin is caused by a SOS response halting cell division Resistance to Azithromycin is caused by loss of a regulatory protein Resistance to Chloramphenicol is caused by reduced formation of a porin or a regulatory protein Resistance to Ciprofloxacin is caused by loss of a porin or loss of a regulatory protein Resistance to Erythromycin is caused by reduced affinity to 23S Rrna or loss of a regulatory protein Resistance to Fluoroquinolones is caused by a loss of affinity to gyrase Resistance to Imioenem is caused by reduced formation of a porin Resistance to Kanamycin is caused by reduced formation of a transport protein Resistance to Nalidixic Acid is caused by loss or inactivation of a regulatory protein Resistance to Rifampin is caused by loss of affinity to RNA polymerase Resistance to Streptomycin is caused by reduced affinity to 16S rRNA or reduction of transport activity Resistance to Tetracycline reduced formation of a porin or a regulatory protein Resistance to Zittermicin A is caused by a loss of proton motive force Evolution has to explain the origin of bacteria, not the decay of it. Viruses cannot gain information and can never be anything except viruses, thus has nothing to do with evolution. (8) Speciation of birds is not evolution because only loss of information occurs. Speciation occurs by different heterozygous genes and modules become homozygous, thus losing information. No change is evolutionary unless a new part or system is built requiring much more coded DNA and a reading mechanism to translate it and build the new motor proteins to build the new parts. Today it is well known that no functional protein could ever originate by naturalism. For one taxon to change into a different kind of taxon would require replacing most of the DNA with an entirely different one which codes for different genes and proteins. Every taxon has many TRGs, (Taxonomically Restrictive Genes) lwhich means they have genes that are unique only to that taxon and do not appear in any other taxon. Same way with Orphan proteins which are unique to each different taxon. This proves evolution impossible. Interactomes in the cells are required for life and only one pathway will work and there are 1 to the 79,000,000,000 power wrong combinations that do not work. There are about 1 to the 80th power of atoms in the universe. Every man on earth has the SAME anatomy which can be possible only if everybody born since the original man lived also had the same anatomy, otherwise everybody could not be the same. This fact proves that there is no evolutionary different between any man on earth and never had been. Evolutionism is nothing but a fiction story that some people want to believe in order to avoid absolute morals required by our Creator, God.
have there ever been snakes that had hollow teeth, but no ability to inject venom?
+Tango Delta 2, not that I'm aware of, but there are many venomous reptiles without hollow fangs. Instead their teeth are bent to form vertical grooves allowing venomous saliva to seep deeper into a bite. In snake embryos, the fangs start off straight and then bend around to form a hollow tube. It's like the grooved reptile teeth but taken to the extreme.
Interesting. Thanks!
I was wondering if snake fangs were modified teeths or modified saliva glands?
They are modified teeth bent into a tube shape with the venom duct emptying into the center of it. Here's a really good article I found with diagrams and photos: snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2013/09/basics-of-snake-fangs.html
Good article. Thanks!
this channel is great
Glad to see you back!
Asked and answered creationists. Now watch as they move the goalpost again.
this is a fascinating videa, learning new things is so stimulating!
you are awesome! more people should watch your videos.
Yay! you're back.
Your videos are incredible and very educational! I love the winking dachshund!
Amazing video as always.
Great video!
Beautiful! Very well done!
I love this channel, keep it up everyone.
Very interesting. Thank you!
Absolutely thrilled that this is back. Looking forward to teaching this stuff to my kids. Bee-tee-dubs, Christian here who happily accepts the reality of the evolutionary process.
why are you even christian, If you do not believe jesus was sent to die for our sins? if Evolution is true it means jesus was never sent by god to die for the sins of adam and eve/mankind
The simple answer is, because I choose to have faith that Jesus came back from the dead, and that this inaugurated a new reality where we will be, too, into a life of perfect justice. My faith isn't contingent on scientific evidence. If it were, it wouldn't be faith. Less simply, I think Christians pretend to too much knowledge when we uncritically accept ancient categories for universal behavior. We grow comfortable reifying sin, treating it as a thing that can be passed down through generations and "died for" without batting an eye. It doesn't cross our minds to wrestle with it, because there's so much we don't know. No Christian understands the mechanics if the salvation we say we understand. Again, that's what makes it faith. I'm just honest enough to admit it.
Thomas Beard jesus coming back from the dead wasnt even in his life story untill later on when it was added... almost added like a finishing touch, like a cherry on top of the milkshake, i just cant understand how you can have faith in that and be logical and rational at the same time
I don't agree with that particular reading of Jesus's "life story." If you look at each of the four gospels present in the New Testament, the resurrection is thematically integrated in the text of each, so they can't stand without that point. They're all directed toward the same point. The other texts in the New Testament draw on the resurrection to make several points. The character of the Christian faith would look radically different without it. Making "logical and rational" the opposite of believing in God is a cultural decision, not a reflection of reality. Often when I see it defined like that, people use reason to mean "not believing in something unless you can make scientific observations of it," in which case you've begged the question by defining reason in a way that excludes faith. A lot of my friends and family are atheist, and I respect the journey they've taken to be where they are. I usually just ask that they give me the same respect. I don't find arguments against the existence of God very compelling, and in the absence of compelling arguments, I'll make the choice to believe based on my own convictions.
+Fjolltzu just let him be a christian. Faith is a good thing, it can help a lot in life if some1 is fortunate enough to have it. Problems arise when they teach religious stuff as actual science and use it to explain physics, biology, etc. But he wanna teach this evolution stuff to his kids, he wanna teach them real science. Religios belief like this is a complete breath of fresh air, no matter if he believes in Jesus, Mickey Mouse or the Jedi Council.
i liked this video a lot, thank you sor!
Amazing content!
Excellent lesson
Beautiful animation
Excellent job!
"Other dogs only dream of such adventures" lol
More please more... 🙏
thank you. that was clear and beautiful.
How does duplication happen tho, is it just spontaneous? Does it still happen now? And if so what effects does it have, or does the effect take too much time like evolution by natural selection?
Good job on the video. You should do molecular biology videos.
you are brilliant. excellent video.
Parabéns pelo trabalho, a qualidade e clareza que você tem pra passar o conteúdo é impressionante. Assemelha se a uns canais Brasileiros, como nerdologia e o canal do pirula, no qual você pode dar uma olhada. Obrigado
😀 👍
This is very helpful
great video!
thank you for these videos 💚
I like to add something to it. There are also lots of gene duplications unique to humans. Many of them are expressed in the brain. One in Particular is SRGAP2, full name: *SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2.* (the sequence of the gene is freely available www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23380) The gene itself is located in human chromosome 1, the product of this gene is a protein that plays a role in cortical neural development. What is interesting about this is that this gene is also located in the same chromosome 1 (homologous to our chromosome 1) of other great apes such as chimps, however the big difference is that our chromosome one contains multiple copies of this gene, whereas non human great apes have only one version that is located in the same part of the chromosome as one gene is in us. Many of the copies misses parts that the original gene does have and at least one copy does make a functional protein. But despite this, this gene duplications, according to many studies, has been one major factor in brain development during human evolution. By estimating the occurrence of this duplication event was between 2 - 3 million years ago, this correlates with the transition from Australopithecus to Homo and the beginning of neocortex expansion as indicated by the fossil record. This discovery is relatively recent since gene duplications tend to be overlooked because they are so similar to each other and therefore don't seem to be that important like how creationist dismiss the importance of gene duplications by saying: *"duplications don't add new information. You just have the same information copied."* But that is wrong. More copies of a gene can have tremendous effects as seen in this case and in the video here. More copies of one thing can increase its effects, or completely change its effects, making something new. The complete story of this can be found here: www.nature.com/news/human-brain-shaped-by-duplicate-genes-1.10584 www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(12)00461-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867412004618%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
Please make videos on other topics mentioned in the video🤗
STATED CLEARLY IS REINCARNATED. THANK YOU JESUS, MY LORD AND SAVIOUR!
THE IRONY
John perry is lord sent so we can all learn the truth that fundies are fooling us all bankrupt lol. Let us all thank the lord that sent him.
You should do a part three on more mechanisms.
Is there going to be a part three? Perhaps describing the role of endogenous retrovirus.
superb clear
reall really good well done
Wow! Amazing !!
I love these videos.
Could you please send me the PowerPoint presentation for this animation to use it for teaching
Snakes...can we explain how the concept of using factor X or the clogging agent as a defensive or offensive tool by way of a hollow tooth? How did the viper, choose that particular function? HOW did they hit the mark right away? Or were there vipers spitting urine, blood, bile, saline, alcohol or other chemicals?
what is part one pls?
Absolutely mind blowing
Clearly stated 👍
Hello, do you have a video over De Novo gene birth?
you deserve more views
much more...
You should do a part 3
so glad you used dachshunds as an example... what amazing creatures they are..
Underrated channel
Stated clearly
very clearly
Fraud was stated clearly and you swallowed it hook, line and sinker!
Interesting stuff, although I do have a question: the examples you gave were obviously all centered around duplication, and then other spontaneous mutations within the duplicate strand of DNA. These are all copies or variations of the existing genetic code that created a variation in the previous trait, correct? (I’m not a scientist so please correct me if I’m wrong) It seems to me like the formation of these traits is due to an alteration of the existing trait to form a new version with different characteristics. How does DNA create entirely new information, though? In other words, would there be an instance where a dna code is duplicated and it results in an entirely different structure? Could a duplicated genetic code for skin cell formation result in the beginning stages of a human eye? It seems to me like if we had a genetic code AGCTCGATGGTCTAG, we’d have to see mutations where a duplication of this code or adding letters to this code can, over time, create something new, and not just a variation of the existing structure, and that just seems to require an insane amount of good luck. I could be totally off so can someone explain this to me?
Of course it is only a variation of the former form, that is how parents have offspring. And that is how evolution works. Recycling and repurposement. So are lungs repurposed swim bladders, feathers are repurposed scales and hands are repurposed paws, which are themselves repurposed fins etc. That is why gentoo penguins are still penguins, which are still birds, which are still dinosaurs, which are still archosaurs....which are still animal cell colonies... etc.
Angelmou But how does a kind turn into a DIFFERENT kind over time? How can a scale become a feather simply by altering existing code? Don’t bigger organisms have many more chromosomes than single-cell bacteria? How does this new Mariella get ADDED?
Angelmou for example, even if hands are repurposed paws, that type of structure had to come into existence at some point. But how did those structures come into existence in organisms that didn’t previously have them?
@@solascriptura5980 Good evening again Sola Scriptura, You ask many questions. I can answer but it would take a lot of time so I will first adress the feather one. Feathers are even today repurposed from scales like here a photo: www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Shapiro17/publication/323074117/figure/fig5/AS:592197460176897@1518202285602/Model-describing-link-between-Pitx1-and-Tbx5-expression-levels-and-foot-epidermal.png or here: media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs40851-017-0085-4/MediaObjects/40851_2017_85_Fig3_HTML.gif The mechanism is explained here: www.researchgate.net/profile/Randall_Widelitz/publication/11026627/figure/fig2/AS:281243066355734@1444064980733/Models-of-feather-branching-and-evolution-of-feather-formsa-Roles-of-noggin-BMP4-Shh.png Barb to spreaded rachis etc. It happens in the history of life several times here a list: media.nature.com/full/nature-assets/scientificamerican/journal/v23/n2s/images/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-76-I4.jpg The soures are explained: www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14139 and academic.oup.com/gbe/article/10/10/2572/5086307
@@solascriptura5980 *Today, geneticists are working together with embryologists to reveal the genetic process by which limbs are formed. What it has revealed is that, just as elsewhere in evolution, Incremental molecular changes were made to what was already there. It is evident that Sarcopterygian fishes had the requisite bones and genes. Here is some of the work that is being done:* Molecular evolution of limb length January 14, 2008 phys.org/news/2008-01-molecular-evolution-limb-length.html Before animals first walked on land, fish carried gene program for limbs. phys.org/news/2011-07-animals-fish-gene-limbs.html New techniques boost understanding of how fish fins became fingers phys.org/news/2016-08-techniques-boost-fish-fins-fingers.html#nRlv Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168 There is an excellent series of videos titled "Your Inner Fish" originally on PBS, they are now available on the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) BioInteractive website; www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/your-inner-fish-series. Also, one of the excellent PBS 'Eons' series is titled 'When Fish First Breathed Air' kzhead.info/sun/eJWhZM-fq2RrZWg/bejne.html For an in depth look at all the stages of evolution leading to us I recommend the series "Systematic Classification of Life" by Aron Nelson, aka AronRa, he is unlike any biology teacher you ever met, but he knows his stuff. Here is a link to the series playlist. kzhead.info/channel/PLXJ4dsU0oGMLnubJLPuw0dzD0AvAHAotW.html
I love this chanel ❤️
Hi John, Thank you for this wonder content. I have question, I would be very useful If you could answer that or make a video on it. "Considering point mutation, It occurs at specific places in the genes of a single cell, how does this mutation that has occurred in this particular cell, gets passed on to or synced with neighbouring cell? Among billions of cells in the body, which one cell's entire chromosome set(or half of the pair) gets passed on through sperm cells?"
The only genetic mutations that get passed on to following generations occur only in a germ cell: an egg, sperm, or progenitor of either. Such a mutation does not appear in the individual that holds the germ cell, but only in the progeny thereafter. The average human zygote (fertilized egg cell) contains about 150 unique, random mutations from that of its mother's (or father's) initial zygote.
Thank you!
What triggers this duplication and how it triggers? Any link?
How many nucleotides constitute a gene? I've been Googling to try to get a simple definition and have been having a hard time understanding them.
It depends on the gene. Our video "what is a gene" talks about this.
good job
Very very nice
Amazing. I am shocked that this kind of evolution can occur in only 6000 years! Well, my great grandfather rode dinosaurs, and his father built the first building. Early life on Earth was rough.....new animals popping up every day for 6 days, it got crowded fast.
+carpo719 You forgot to put on your tin foil hat :P
Yu Salsa No worries, I had a metal plate implanted in my head. Permanently protected!
Thousands of new animals every day. Simply amazing! Lol
I am refering to after the flood of course. Just incredible that thousands of new animals have been evolving every day since then. Its strange that they hide so well that we cant find them. Only god knows why he made everything the way he did.... Hahahaha I cant keep a straight face anymore.
Even more amazing how it all happened by random chance.
Love this channel and also Holy Koolaid!
Bout time! Nice work tho
what does it take for a duplication event to occur though?
@@TonyTigerTonyTiger Ah, that makes sense! Thanks so much for taking the time to reply. Much appreciated!
In the video you seem to imply that the Corgi, the Baset Hounds and the white, fluffy dog are the result of breeding the Dachshund with other dogs, but you don't include a source for this. From what I was able to find with a quick google search this doesn't seem to be the case. These dogs appear to have a common ancestor but it is not clear that it is the Dachshund.
+dieg0us I see how the video suggests that. You're right, the original dog to get that mutation was not a modern-looking Dachshund. Probably would have been best for me to have drawn a generic looking dog with the gene to avoid confusion. I'll add clarification in the video notes when I get back to the office next week.
+Stated Clearly. Wow fast response! Ok, thanks for the clarification! Have a good weekend!
+dieg0us That genetic sequence that gave rise to short legs arose in the domestic dog genome; it was not inherited from wolf ancestors. Had the gene mutation occurred in a wolf population it would have been quickly weeded out. Just FYI.
Randall Wilks or we would have smol wolves
@@RandallWilks How do you know it would have selected against? You're making an assertion you have no reason to conclude.
How do you observe a gene duplication? Is it not there one day and when you look at it again it's there? I don't understand!
+Adam B they can happen in several ways, one of which is uneven crossover during cell division. If you're lucky enough to be looking in the right place at the right time, you can watch it happen with a microscope.
+Stated Clearly --- Does anyone have a video of it? EDIT: I guess I could look myself :)
OMG HES BACK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thank you for a clearly stated video once again. Here is my input to the discussion. I understand that any organism will experience degradation i.e. loss of function or distortion of its genome at a fairly fixed rate during the lifetime of the species. This is due to mutation in any of its forms or any other degrading event. My question is: is it possible for these duplicated genes to keep up with the rate of degradation? Has anybody done the math on how fast the formation of new duplicated information occurs? I have heard of degradation rates of the genome of 2% in one generation. You state that point mutations aren't fast enough to create more genetic material, which they clearly aren't, but how fast are the duplication events in creating new material to go on? And how fast would the degradation rate have been previous to the alleged rise of the DNA correction system (www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-damage-repair-mechanisms-for-maintaining-dna-344)? I do understand that youtube comment sections probably aren't the best forums for technical scientific discussion but it would be nice if this community could direct me further. Thank you.
+Tobbe Granberg, Haha, yep, KZhead's not the best place for this (you'll get a lot of tangent conversations going) but that's okay. I just have a few minutes here so let me just get this started by saying three quick things: Point mutations don't lengthen the genome, (unless you count point insertions, in which case they lengthen it by one nucleotide pair). Point mutations can create new functional coded unites though within a genome. See our video on point mutations for more on that. Natural selection is the main limiter of genetic degradation. If your genes are goofy, you usually don't get to survive and reproduce. Advances in technology are currently allowing us and our pets/farm-animals/crops to withstand a lot of degradation but if you look at wild organisms you see they are kept in constant check. If I remember correctly, HIV is an example of a virus that thrives just above the threshold of what's called "genetic meltdown". Natural selection keeps the population from crossing that threshold though many individual virions do succumb each generation. You'd probably enjoy reading about genetic meltdown if you haven't already. I recall Wikipedia having a pretty good, well sourced article on it last time I checked. Without DNA correction systems, complex creature like us would go extinct in just a few generations, maybe just one generation. This would happen because our mutation rate would drop below the threshold of genetic meltdown for organisms as complex as ourselves. Simple creatures however, things like viruses and bacteria, typically have a much lower genetic meltdown threshold. If low enough (and it appears to be plenty low for some species) they don't require DNA correction systems in order to survive. Every time a new way to correct DNA errors evolves, it opens the door for higher degrees of complexity to evolve as well. It doesn't guarantee that complexity will follow, but it gives an organism new ways to maintain higher genetic complexity. In short, if you start simple and tough enough, you don't need to start with DNA correction systems.
Ok so basically without the DNA-repair system everything from E.coli upwards on the organisms "complexity scale" would be toast. No wonder the Nobel prize was awarded to the group that found this system.
+Tobbe Granberg E.coli would not be toast but would not be able to survive in a lot of the environments it currently survives in. The Lenski group has a few strains of E.coli being studied that seem to have no genetic repair mechanisms functioning. I don't recall the specific article I read about in but it's somewhere in this series: biologos.org/blogs/dennis-venema-letters-to-the-duchess/behe-lenski-and-the-%E2%80%9Cedge%E2%80%9D-of-evolution-part-1-just-the-fcts-please
How did the monkeys eating leafs survive before the gene duplication? Was their diet different?
A transition to leaf eating could happen many different ways, one is that leaves are a small part of a diet until a mutation occurs allowing them more useful, as they become more useful, they are eaten more until eventually the species is a leaf eating specialist.
2:30 Hah, I’ve never heard of the bright side of the Hot Dogs weird body
good as ever
Nice, very clearly stated sirs! One thing though, at the end you say there are no limits to what genetic traits or species can be created. I'm afraid creatinists are going to latch on to that to discredit this video and ignore the rest.
You heard that wrong. watch it one more time.
+AdenineMonkey it says "that evolution can produce"
Daniel Jackson That's not the relevant bit, it's the "no limitations" part that concerns me. There are limitations to what evolution can create/produce/whatever. Take the nautilus with it's pinhole eye for example. It's impossible for descendents of the nautilus to evolve an eye that work like ours, because it would have to lose fitness before gaining it.
+AdenineMonkey No. Even though the nautilus eye is "fit" for its environment right now, a small mutation that makes it better and "more fit" is not impossible. Why would any particular modification necessarily be less fit? You can't know that.
AdenineMonkey"no limitations" means that there are nearly unending possible ways something can evolve, its nearly uncountable so he just says there is no end
outstanding
could use some background music to make it less boring, but still very good video