3. The Birth of Algebra
2024 ж. 20 Мам.
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(October 15, 2012) Professor Keith Devlin looks at how algebra, one of the most foundational concepts in math, was discovered.
Originally presented in the Stanford Continuing Studies Program.
Stanford University:
www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies Program:
continuingstudies.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on KZhead:
/ stanford
Very nice to see Standford providing lectures for the public for free. Not everyone can afford a Stanford education. Hell! I can't afford any education but I can afford my ISP bill + KZhead + Standford and other colleges allowing lectures to be shown on KZhead are a great service to the public and the world over.
I'm very appreciative of this being on youtube, thank you Stanford. :)
I am so glade there are people out there that want to know what is math and what is it for and how we use it. Most people in this world don't really care; however, drawn by pure curiosity I desire to know and discover for pure enjoyment. He is a good teacher.
Thanks Standford for providing this valuable material to a new generation of learners.
Great to see an enthusiastic teacher, talking about the history of algebra. Really love it, and thank you Stanford.
Thank you Stanford & Professor Devlin - these lectures are great!
To comment on some people saying that ALGEBRA was already present in several countries before this book by Mohammad Al-KHARZMI --- AL-GABR O WAL ALQADR. The professor is not saying that KHARZAMI is the inventor of ALGEBRA. All he is talking about that the word ALGEBRA---- first used was by Mohammad Al-Kharzmi in his famous book. But Algebra was already present, with different nations /countries, with different names. But the word--- ALGEBRA was started by MOHAMMAD AL-KHARZEMI. KHARZEMI did not invent ALGEBRA. ----- ALGEBRA- like mathemetics was already known by humanity long time before.
Obviously and Al-Khawarizmi like the scholars of the Islamic golden age refined the knowledge to make it more comprehensible and form the basis for our modern society,it is a basis of modern algebra.
Thank you so much for this! I'm still struggling to grasp the concept of Algebra. I've passed the class 3 different times, decades apart. Getting ready to take it again this fall. /sigh
Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr" meaning "reunion of broken parts
actual the inventor was called Ali BIN JABR
True but Algebra was already in existence before Muslims in Egypt, India, Greece, China. The term Algebra was given by Europeans. In India it is called Bijganit and predates 6th century. In fact, many ancient countries have own names for Algebra.
@ Aaron Aaron, What an irresponsible reply! Have you read the books of Indian mathematics? I bet you have never! Have you read Bakhshali Script in which Indian traders have used zero for practical use? No, you are just bullshiting! First, give your time in studies!
Aaron Aaron are you sure it wasn't the orientals?
al
Other lectures in this series 1. kzhead.info/sun/o89tac2FcIGKkmg/bejne.html 2. kzhead.info/sun/Z9Oyqbx7bHuweH0/bejne.html 4. kzhead.info/sun/a76Fc5Sdnn5so5s/bejne.html 5. kzhead.info/sun/gdKPpcZ6qXOKfI0/bejne.html
Wish I would’ve got this lecture in the 9th grade.
Brahmagupta was a discoverer. Other indian mathematicians that rime called him chuda mani or gem among mathematicians. Eyclid was a popularizer but archimedes was a discoverer
He is a really good teacher
oh, thank you, it's easy to understand of a concept of algebra😊😊😊it's really important to explain and summarize concepts of words, orderly, in practicing subjects🌞
guys this is about learning and understanding algebra, not about politics or someones religion.
Yes. Alhebra- like methematics was already know. But the word AL-GEBR was first used by MOHAMMAD AL- KHARZMI.
The word algebra is derived from operations described in the treatise written by the Persian mathematician, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵhwārizmī, titled Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala (meaning "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing") on the systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the "father of algebra", for founding algebra as an independent discipline and for introducing the methods of "reduction" and "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation) which was what he originally used the term al-jabr to refer to.[9] His algebra was also no longer concerned "with a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study." He also studied an equation for its own sake and "in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems."[10]
Awesome professor no doubts about this topic sir
so blessed to live in a time when i can find this kind of knowledge for "free" online lol
I really commiserate with the speaker, watching him interact with audience members trying to explain what is going on in higher mathematics. When he tries to explain what is happening in linear algebra and higher algebra (group theory, galois theory, etc) I really felt the twinge of pain in his eye. It's tough to make people understand what mathematics actually is, when their highest notion of algebra is highschool algebra.
Is it just me, or does Professor Devlin look and sound like Doctor Who? The twelfth Doctor played by Peter Capaldi, which in my opinion was the GREATEST Doctor EVER in the entire franchise... He DID seemed a little nervous with the habitual walking back and forth (which was probably due to the fact that he was playing to an audience of his peers on the internet, as well as the fact that he wasn't lecturing to a bunch of 18yo kids he can yell at and make fun of, his audience were full grown adults his age or more). Even so, his mind and explanations we're great, and his ad hoc answers to audience questions were PHENOMENAL Also, great smile and energy. Thank you Professor Devlin... Sorry if I keep expecting a Scottish accent from you...
As Iranian, I can tell you that Omar Khayyam's poetry is exquisite, and is rightly known or its accomplished nature.
No one knows him ☺
@@ninjarolex2387 At high school in South Africa we studied his poetry when I was at school.
It might be less appreciated because his poetry was not read in Farsi, but perhaps English. The same can be said about some beautiful Arabic poetry that lost some if its beauty after translation.
It is nice but tell me how I can read your lectures in steps series so I can get the knowledge systematically , can understand your lectures to add to my knowledge.
1:20:46 Completely voting again after people are eliminated is how the UK Tory party elect their leader in the second stage of the voting process. In Stage Two of the voting process, when a candidate is eliminated, a new election is held by the MPs, and the voting process is repeated until there are only two candidates remaining, at which point the entire Tory party is allowed to vote for the preferred leader. It is interesting to observe that in Stage Two of the process, when certain candidates know that they have plenty of votes, some of them ask certain supporters to not vote for them, and instead vote for opposing candidates that are deemed weak, in order to try to eliminate potential strong opposing candidates.
It reminds of my Maths teacher teaching Algebra.
Thank you kindly ✍️
Are the slides used posted anywhere?
I hope see subtitle soon with videos and thanks😁😊😊😊😊 I'm from Egypt
Since everyone else is being so technical about peoples origins, then I can say that Fibonacci was not italian. Italy did not even exist. He was from Pisa, its own little entity. Yet we still, for all intents and purposes call people like DaVinci, Fibonacci, The Medici's Italian. Which is sufficient for the type of discourse being presented (I think).
Is there such a thing as a New Englander, or Antatolian, or Iberian? Anyone from the geographic region long known as the Italian Peninsula may be regarded as Italian in the regional sense.
ضبي ضض99+Drapetomanius Grimr كحججججضمححح
then what were they?
They'd be whatever nationality of their respective nations. Fibonacci was from the Republic of Pisa, Christopher Columbus was from Genova...etc. I don't call myself North American just because I am from the region of North America, I am American (which refers to a citizen of the USA), I not Canadian or Mexican, or even Danish if I was from Greenland.
+vulcanscorpio ....they were all Italic.... that's what all Latins' are ....but not all Italians are Latins ( tho all Latins are Italians - so much for all the multicultural misidentifying latino/latinas frankford school desigiations ), but the lingo called Latin is at root Italic which cam out of Phoenician = see "The ARYAN ORIGIN of the Alphabet" by L A Waddell 1927 ---- recent research indicating ancient Gaelic as proto-lingo of Indo-European... pisses off the anti-Christ sa-gaz n their zombi ignoramuses that recovering Aryan origins of Western civilization is unfolding momentously....race envy hits fetish frenzy when dialogue presents evidence
Where can I find this powerpoint?
With a lecturer like this, the hall should be fuller. Reminds me of Feynman in a way, makes it explicable.
Nice post!
Hi all, where can i get a full playlist of the lectures videos pls.
1. kzhead.info/sun/o89tac2FcIGKkmg/bejne.html 2. kzhead.info/sun/Z9Oyqbx7bHuweH0/bejne.html 4. kzhead.info/sun/a76Fc5Sdnn5so5s/bejne.html 5. kzhead.info/sun/gdKPpcZ6qXOKfI0/bejne.html
I see. Thanks for your comment
I don’t know how STV works, or anything about math but aren’t there a whole lot of other options that need to be accounted for? Example - 7 vote for ABCD, ABDC, ACBD, ACDB, ADBC, ADCB. 6 vote for BACD, BADC, BCAD, BCDA, BDAC, BDCA. And so on. What happens to take these into account?
Yes, there are. His scenarios with millions of people picking, just from 4 of the 64 possible patterns, are so unlikely that one yould have to question either his understanding or intent. He tells the woman who asks if you only vote for candidate A and no lower preferences. That this strengthens her vote for A. This is wrong because lower preferences only apply after A has been eliminated. All it means is that her vote is not transferred to her next choice after A has already lost. It makes no difference to A besause A is already out.
Thanks!
Geometry is much more fun; so if You can present a second solution, an analog geometrical construction to solve an Arithmetic problem it is more intriguing/attractive to learn, understand and remember. How much effort did the Ancients put into den development of the Antikythera mechanism? How much pride and status did it afford the owner of such a masterpiece!
Hello Genius researchers, My 9yrs old daughter asking me yesterday why algebraic formulae is created and how and who?
I have always thought that you should get the number of votes you got. So if you get 10,000 votes in the election then you have 10,000 votes in the parliament. There are many people in parliament for each electorate. Obviously you would need some lower cutoff or there would need some lower cutoff saying you need a minimum member of votes. If your second person was elected then they would get ½ a vote from you. I think that might work better. As an alternative to a minimum number of votes you could say have three candidates for each electorate.
Is CALCULUS based upon ALGEBRA? OR how CALCULUS & ALGEBRA may be some what inter-related.
Didn't Mr. Peabody have a significant impact in the rapid development of mathematics propelling algebra?
YNOT post the pdf he's using?
Well, Correct me if I'm wrong but he said it's nothing to do with the language at around 00:05:13, then at around 00:13:45 he mentioned that Algebra is restoration (which comes from the Arabic word al-jabr)!
English language
Arabic culture as we know assimilated Hellenic culture who used the letters of the Greek alphabet to represent numbers. They also absorbed Hindu culture who used the symbols for numbers we used today. Notationally we can see the Eureka moment Arab scholars must've had when translating Greek works into Arabic already having the Hindu-Arabic symbols for their analyses.
Humanity is a continuum . Civilizations borrow from each other and improve. The Greeks borrowed most of their material from the Egyptians, the Arabs from the Greek, the western civilization from the Arabs, and so on. Today we are witnessing (unless you are blind) the rise of the eastern civilizations, China and India... Doesn't matter what you are and I have to think, time moves on, and hatred is poison ... hope you get my point
manuel felix That's evolution for you...
+E. Elias China and India have both experienced rapid growth in the last decade but it is unsustainable. Their middle classes have ballooned and are demanding ever higher wages and standard of living. The powerhouses of the east cannot afford to be the world's sweatshop for much longer. China have been making huge investments in Africa to help support their growing economy, and this has helped fuel growth there. I think Latin America is also a potential future world leader in scientific research. There is a contagious wave of social and economic reform going on all around South America that I think will lead to an age of enlightenment there.
+manuel felix My Tube this is comment posted to = +vulcanscorpio ....they were all Italic.... that's what all Latins' are ....but not all Italians are Latins ( tho all Latins are Italians - so much for all the multicultural misidentifying latino/latinas frankford school desigiations ), but the lingo called Latin is at root Italic which cam out of Phoenician = see "The ARYAN ORIGIN of the Alphabet" by L A Waddell 1927 ---- recent research indicating ancient Gaelic as proto-lingo of Indo-European... pisses off the anti-Christ sa-gaz n their zombi ignoramuses that recovering Aryan origins of Western civilization is unfolding momentously....race envy hits fetish frenzy when dialogue presents evidence
+E. Elias Exactly our culture is the sum total of what came before, is not meant as praise or derogatory, just a plain historical fact or insight.
Geometric algebra is/was hampered by the precision of drawings. You can construct the sqrt of every natural number iteratively, but it gets very tedious and You would need acres of paper to get the precision needed by doing iterations. In numeric arithmetic going trough the needed iterations is easier to get to a desired/practical precision. (the Geo_method is Pythagoras: 1²+1² ->sqrt2; (sqrt2)²+1² = 3² ->sqrt3; (sqrt3)²+1² = 4² ->sqrt4 ... just draw a perpendicular Length_1 to the end of the Previous resultLine) Geometry failed because they didn't/couldn't go trough iterative constructions; and We/OurBrains can't do Geometry purely verbally, You need paper and a sharp pencil.
All he meant in saying that algebra is nothing to do with language is that you can give any name you like to an unknown: you can call it x or y or alpha or fred or keith or siwahib - it makes no difference to the algebra!
Yes
Haha, he mentions at 52:25 that his memory of Jesse Ventura's victory "dates" him. That was 1998. What about his reference earlier on that he got into science because he remembers the Sputnik launch? Now THAT dates him. Lol.
Simple online searches will tell you zero and numbers come from India and zero is from sanskrit shoonya. Muslims had a translation movement which collected and translated many hindu works including initial works on algebra (brahmasphutasiddhanta)
is that bells ?
it is 3(12x + 6) = y
Good..
I think the approval technique could be enhanced by using a weight (maybe 1-5) so we know how much we approve of the person.
when i am king, we will have negative votes as well
Dear Prof. At 1:13:11 you use "looses" instead of "loses". This is very disappointing in a British person.
Interesting.
I think I'm overdoing my studying I'm still in year 7
Can’t see the part where you’re pointing to on the board!
Mathematics facts
What about finding the system that has least number of cases where it comes out not as intended?
How loose was A (the loser) at 1:13:09?😁
Bruno Tiberius ?
I love the name Stanford. Must be an Amazing place to Study.
I recommend you don't leave that electronics exposed like that. House it with plenty of air flow.
+Douglas Allen I like your avatar. Is the little guy etching the part number on the chip?
Henry Thomas Colebrooke was a historian and Mathematicians. Writing in 1817, Colebrook came to the conclusion that Khwarizmi owed his Algebra to ancient Indian Vedic Hindus. After carefully examining the works of Khawarizmi and ancient Hindu mathematical texts, Colebrooke concludes: “The inevitable conclusion is that Khawarizmi, being conversant with the sciences of Hindus, must have learnt Algebra from Hindus”
👍🏻
11:01 babylonian problem
If the Wikipedia entry is weak, fix it. That's the whole point!
Toronto Night College
From Babylon, Greece, China, Indian, conclusively synthesised the concept by Muslim world.
The birth of algebra come from aljaber ibn hayaan Arabic and Muslim man .
8 year old example of internet already being suspect for quality information.
Papyrus? yuck!
'the THING'
Hey, did you get that thing I sent you?
someone needs to pour this guy a drink...
his name in arabic is Aljabr ibn Hayyan ..... He was an arab and Muslim guy
Ghassen Smaoui Mohammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarazimi. Aljabr ibn Hayyan is chemist
what a racist bastard. Arabs and Persians are extremely genetically, phenotypically , and culturally similar, it's like trying to find any substantive difference between a south Korean and Japanese person, aside from the constructed, artificial bullshit. even in the bullshit anthropology categories, Persians are arian Caucasians, and Arabs are Semitic Caucasians. a subcategory within a subcategory; what rubbish.
in fact its now known that there is no distinct genetically Persians or Arabs, seeing as they were both empires at one point you can assume substantial gene flow. Take it from a biologist. These are LINGUISTIC, not genetic differences. now this may blow your mind, but in humans the genetic difference between individuals in a population is more than between one population and another. soo....The variation WITHIN the "Persian" group would be MORE than the variation BETWEEN the Persian group and some other group.
Been listening for a little while and honestly I am less than completely impressed. At about the halfway point he tells a story about how, in his intro calculus he was the only student who really thought about why calculus formulas work, and everyone else in the class was content to mindlessly move numbers around on paper according to arbitrary rules. I doubt it. He seems to think he is uniquely intelligent and no one else thinks on a deep level but him. It's kind of immature, honestly.
Based on the arabic scolar Jaber bin Hayyan
I don't think that's what he was talking about.
The Jesse Ventura reference was funny, no matter who won in that scenario with 3 candidates and a close election then 2/3 of the electorate will always be pissed?
He lived in Bagdad and speaked arabic and Iran at that time was controlled by Arabic people then he is Arabic
Kharazmi was a Persian mathematician
Work this one out 3(4x + 2) =
AZZA 12x+6
Algebra has nothing to do with the language?!! The word algebra comes from the Arabic language (الجبر al-jabr "restoration") I can't believe this is Stanford..
Yeah this guy is pretty sloppy.
He meant English language
16:31 where he says it himself. lol
@@Tadesan 16:31 where he says it himself. lol
@@shlokamsrivastava6782 this was pretty obvious dude. I don’t get why they didn’t get this.
Ye Gods. Can this bloke waffle?
IOthCatchJitsu Psywitchittah look at your own username before commenting on youtube
Amazing Ike my screen name isn't a sentence
only because there is not a period at the end
How can the speaker speak so long in generalties on a subject in a confusing way without presenting an example to start with on a subject which is so concrete and embedded in numbers?
-1/2
as a noteworthy? first self-funded woman to fly to the International Space Station was a persian. wtf? you can't throw an irrelevant stuff. If you do not see, you're probably blind or you don't want to see, hey why even would you go for such research? there's no need to claim or steal, tell who are doing it, not me.
I don’t,wast,PhD,for Toronto Night & Day College,That’s,Work,to fix,China
He was PERSIAN not Arab! He only wrote in Arabic.
He wasn't Arab, he was Persian.
+Ztech ....hey, hey, hey ...a rare accuracy award to u ....only able to find that info in old math tombs...
Yes but as the professor mentioned he was of the opinion that it was written in the Arabic language thus it is Arabic. The trend here is that From Babylon, to India, Greece, and Persia it seems that every nation used some sort of Algeria and that Math is always consistent no matter what nation was in power. I would rather think of them as Mathematicians over Persians, Greeks, Italians, Arabs, etc. Also, algebra was always there but we lost and rediscovered 1ir with every nation that was conquered.
Kwharzimi was Persian.
He was from Uzbekistan go to google map if you don’t know the map, Khorasan is old name of Uzbekistan territory.....
@yout tube you are very wrong.
Zero was for the first time created by Arabic and Muslim mathematecians rather than by Indian mathematecians. The whole Arabic numbers were created using the principle of angles as in the following way: Number zero means there is no angle in the number zero: 0 Number one means there is one angle in the number one: 1 Number two means there are two angles in the number two: z which becomes 2 Number three means there are three angles in the number three such as a standing lettre w which becomes 3 And so on
Yeah, but look at his hair!!!
which was born in iran and died in Iraq. he has an arabic name and books written in arabic because iran was invaded by arab-islamic people. I don't know how people claim him as an arab.
Sonny Darvishzadeh he was not nor Persian and Arab. He was from Khorasan which is old name of Uzbek territory. If al Kharizmi is Persians all Uzbeks are Persian too
you use algebra to make your spreadsheet. then the machine does the arithmetic for you.
+djhbrown Precisely. I think of them as pigeon-hole calculators.
India's contributions to mathematics were ignored, what a pity
Algebra was made by Muslim scientist .. The camera idea also made by Muslim ( Alhazen )
Square yourselves 12:05
The teacher plays in a Pink Floyd cover band on the weekends.
Hey, teacher, leave those kids alone!
keep talking to yourself.
khawarizm
This is rather repetitive and slow. But perhaps I am just impatient.
ew