What IS activation energy, really?
What is activation energy in chemistry? Where does it come from and why is it so important? Using 3D animations, we look at what gives reactions a high or low activation energy and why it is so important to reaction rates. Along the way, we look at examples, like explosives and rocket fuels.
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‘Ignition’ by John D Clark - I was going to post a link to a free resource but it appears the book is back in print. Since I’m not sure if the legal status of free links has changed, I’ll leave it to you to google it and do the right thing.
More on FOOF: www.science.org/content/blog-...
Image credits:
NASA booster ignition: images-assets.nasa.gov/video/NASA's Space Launch System Booster Passes Major Milestone on Journey to Mars (QM-2)/NASA's Space Launch System Booster Passes Major Milestone on Journey to Mars (QM-2)~orig.mp4
Hypergolic footage from: Toxic Propellant Hazards, • Toxic Propellant Hazards US National Archives
Mercury: NASA images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA11245/PIA11245~orig.jpg
Train explosion: Center for Disease Control: A Review of Recent Accidents Involving Explosives Transport
Mass spectrometer: Mass Spectrometer Service, University of Bath
C4: By Senior Airman Rusty Frank -, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Rocket test firing photos (before and after explosion): US Navy
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Three Twentysix Project Leader: Dr Andrew Robertson
3D animations/production assistant: Es Hiranpakorn
Graphic Design: Maria Sucianto
This video was produced at Kyushu University and supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K02904. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Kyushu University, JSPS or MEXT.
This glass will "spontaneously" fall to the ground after I push it off the table.
A cat wrote this
Correct.
Yes. The crucial word there is 'after'. So, as @robertstuckey6407 said, you can't blame the cat.
It means you don't need to keep pushing it to the ground
t's a poor word choice IMHO but we're stuck with it seems; it's definitely a source of confusion for students. When we say "spontaneous" in general usage we typically don't mean "self sustaining once activated'!
Yes to all your topic suggestions. I'm on a undergraduate chemistry binge. Super lectures!
Yes, reversible reactions video please! 👍
Your channel is a great 2nd-3rd level dive into the physical sciences. I've been watching a ton of physics stuff on youtube, to the point that they are becoming repetitive (Ii'm still extremely thankful for them!). Then I found your channel and I feel like I'm leveling up from all the other great material scientists have contributed. Thank you!
22:46 That example of weathering of surface due to friction💀
Very good intro! I'd add more math to show Arrhenius law equation. I'm kind of a math person to go forward from an equation for: 1. Any complex multistage chem reaction could be easily described as a superposition of several reactions each of them has Arrhenius's nature and a cumulative Arrhenius equation can describe a multistage reaction ; 2. if a chem reaction has several physical stages, like liquid kerosene combustion, when kerosene is vaporizing first and chem reaction going on in gas phase only, such complex transition could be described by cumulative Arrhenius equation as well! Chemistry is easy with math!
That is an excellent point and it's actually what happens with the rate equations (which is where we're headed with this series). That said, it's the activation energy of the rate determining step that makes the biggest difference since AE is an exponential term in the Arrhenius equation. But we'll talk about that in Transition States v. Intermediates, coming up.
Listen Doc, Thanks for these videos. Here's to you for doing this stuff, and being honest and clear about it.
Please a video on reversible reactions! Honestly this is my favorite channel to keep learning about topics we touched in undergrad. Keep up the amazing content
Love love love your presentations. Thank you. More topics? Anything that interests you.
I voted for the title, so I'd better watch the video right away. 😁
I'm keeping track!
top 10 chemsitry youtubers of all times!
I'm really grateful for your videos! Thanks for delving a bit deeper while still explaining topics so clearly. We'd love to see a video about reversible reactions.
Love all your videos. Very educational and all presented.
This was really well explained, especially with the animations. Thanks
Love your videos, like they’re always well put together bro
Absolutely love your videos
I'll be so glad if you made a video about volatility or about topics like fluorescence, phosporoscence, non-binding interactionst
Fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence added to the list!
great and useful explanation professor , thank you
Beautiful video!
Right on. Thanks for sharing.
Well thanks for everything I've learnt watching your video doc. Nicely done. Instant favourite, admire the way you're explaining it, big time . Also your sence of humour makes me feel in AAA part Big thanks and hugs
Thanks! You could also make a video about self-ionization (autoionozation) and homoassociation - I am struggling with understanding this and there is little information on encyclopedia. For example, the salt called sodium diacetate (the "salt & vinegar" flavor from Pringles) is a solid of two molecules of acetic acid and one (!) molecule of sodium. The "complex" is neutral because the two acid molecules share hydrogen atom. But how is that possible? I don't understand the dotted line - how can hydrogen be stuck between two molecules of acid like that? Another typical example is hydrogen fluoride and I think iodine does that, too (the triiodide ion). I think this topic can make your video interesting as you can show how the fluoroantimonic acid (the superacid) works, as it's one such "complex" - the dihydrogen fluoride cation and hexafluoroantimonate anion - it's not just hydrogen bonded to weak nucleophile as in normal acid, but this weird fluoride cation. Thanks for your videos, these are very informative and helful for self-learners like me - especially for revisiting the fundamentals.
Have you heard of the new glueball partical? Links to the furst ever formations of matter at the start of the universe. Love the video!
I would love a video about statistical mechanics. Cheers!
A video on the mechanics of electrolysis would be awesome.
Good video
thanks!
i would enjoy an equilibrium video :)
M + F → MF is a very low activation energy reaction
I would love to look at how to apply these concepts to pulling rare earth elements and critical elements from coal fly ash quantitatively. Thanks in advance for sharing technical resources.
That would be a better topic for thermodynamics, where we look only at the beginning and the end. As for 'quantitatively' I would think that is unlikely to be an efficient process.
Thanks alot very useful....can I ask you to make a video about Benzene Molecule and that's isomers...?
Friction can include elastic deformation and isn't always from bond destruction
Elastic deformation is bond destruction
@@maxime3648 No, that's plastic deformation.
@@DemiImp plastic deformation is bonds breaking up and forming back with other atoms, as opposed with elastic deformation where the bonds are streched but not broken
@@maxime3648 ...... Yes. Exactly. Friction can be from elastic deformation between two surfaces. It doesn't require bond destruction.
@@DemiImp i think i misread the first message sry
Great video. I recently saw a poscast between kate the chemist and neil degresse tyson, and according to your explanation they misexplained hydrohelic acid presuming it's simply a nuclear reaction and does not involve orbitals because they are empty. Which makes me think too, how does a proton occupy an empty electronic orbital?
Ooh, very interesting, I'll have to track that one down. But very simply, chemists work with the concept of empty orbitals all the time, whereas physicists appear to treat orbitals as fundamentally being an aspect of the electron, so I'm not surprised that Neil deGrasse Tyson has a different point of view. From a chemistry point of view, however, the only peculiar thing here is that it's helium that's acting as a base.
Good🎉🎉
do you have a book? i would buy that instantly
Not yet. For the time being, this channel is my book!
17:50 Yeessss please 🙏
Excelent video. I can't wait for the N2 video! Is there a way to obtain the Activation Energy besides the K from the velocity law? (v=K[A]....)
You can predict it with computer modelling, but experimental evidence is always king.
Electron spin video please 🙏
Hmmm how does activation energy work in terms of transition state and molecular potential energy for something like nitroglycerin? Is there no transition state/the electron orbitals are "stretched" enough already so an explosive reaction can occur through simple contact?
The activation barrier is still there, it's just very low.
Little did I know at the time that my "polishing" of the Angkor Wat Apsara would contribute so much to science.
You must have been very busy!
You asked me to click the like button, but I can't, as I already did it earlier! (This comment was left for the algorithm 😄)
La explosión en Beirut 😮, por ejemplo
Around 10 yeas ago I provided 200 grams of black powder in a closed ball mill jar the activation energy to deflagrate by shaking it in my hands.
How enzymes lower the activation energy? Kindly explain
when a substrate binds to a protein, the whole thing can undergo a conformation shift pushing molecules together in the orientation that is favorable for a reaction. the amino acids that make up the protein will also have certain side chains exposed in the active site, that influence the chemical and charge environment right where it needs to be!🤯
The (re)action that haves the highest activation energy is getting up in the morning
Is it actually possible for a reaction to stop completely? Or does it just react verry verry slowly? Because by pure chance there will always be a few molecules reacting, even on low temperature, right?
That's true. Generally, when people say something 'doesn't happen' we mean it's insignificant. But there are times when extreme purity is required where those processes become significant.
Bruh broke glass for us😊
I'll let you in on a secret - the glass didn't break. I really like this glass, so I was crouched by the table, pushing it along with my right hand, while my left hand was under the table ready to catch it. All while trying to keep my head out of shot. This was not an easy shoot.
I figured there was a pillow on the floor lol
Why can I not untoast bread? Given enough energy assuming previous reaction products present in closed system
That's entropy. And we'll get there in a future video.
I love your thinking style (very few have that) but then you use some extra vocabulary like 'casual knocks', 'external knocks' and some more ... that I and many readers would not know ... so it becomes a bit of struggle to understand.
0:58
3:27-3:55 😁
activation energy of a friends wedding resulting in the reaction of getting a haircut if there are some molecules that have low activation energy to break apart and so much lower energy state after the reaction (such as non-mixture explosives) then how is it possible to produce the molecule in the first place?
Well, you either have to be very careful or conduct the synthesis at low temperature. I think the latter case is more common in a laboratory.
Friction is chemical energy? Where would you put van der Waals forces (as beloved of geckos feet) - would you put that in a chemistry book or a physics book? :-)
That's an excellent point. Personally, I'd categorise van her Waals forces as a chemical interaction, and therefore, a form of chemical potential energy but others might disagree.
Choleric people also have a low activation energy 😉
Three minutes in AND a question: how is 'Activation Energy' related to entropy? your examples were all entropic cliffs..
In terms of the overall reaction, it's not related because the entropy of a reaction only depends on where you started and where you finished, not how you got there. But there is an 'activation entropy' which is a measure of how the entropy within the molecules changes to form the transition state.
I'd say the entropy is hidden in the difference between the initial and final states. That difference is actually the free energy of the reaction which is also expressed as enthalpy (heat of the reaction) - temperature × entropy. This is thermodynamics and tells if and how much something will happen but tells nothing of how long it will take. The activation energy is different and is kinetics, as in how fast something will happen.
This may solve the mystery of why the buttered side of the bread lands face down if dropped 😲
The past is full of smoothed surfaces 😅
It has always bothered me when I read explanations like 'an exothermic reaction releases heat'. Your explanations are filling in the gaps. It's the increased kinetic energy of the reactants, either directly by being attracted and exchanging potential for kinetic energy or indirectly by subsequently transferring this kinetic energy to other electrons/atoms/molecules by crashing into them.
Eyring was ROBBED
Heeeey! Another Eyring fan!
Do more shorts bro
For F***'s Sake! stop pushing that poor glas🤣🤣🤣s!
It had it coming!