The Secrets of the Oldest Footprints Ever Found
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Credits:
Narrated and Directed by
Stephanie Sammann
Written by
Lorraine Boissoneault
Produced, Animated, 3D Art by
Mike Ridolfi
Animated & Illustrated by
Kirtan Patel
Edited by
Dylan Hennessy
David O’Sullivan
Executive Producer
Dave Wiskus
Executive Producer
Brian McManus
Executive Producers
PJ Scott-Blankenship
Trenton Waterson
Graham Haerther
Nebula Creative Directors
Dom Burgess
Simon Buckmaster
Nebula Content Producer
Eric Schneider
Graphic Designer
Simon Buckmaster
Title Design by
Max Moser
Post Production Coordinator
Zara Glaze
Supervising Sound Editor
Graham Haerther
Sound Design
Donovan Bullen
Special Thanks to
Gemma Arnott
Brad Phillipi
Nick Arnott
Bradford Dillon
Brianne Bell
Sources
iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
royalsocietypublishing.org/do...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
journals.plos.org/plosone/art...
www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/austra...
"Homo floresiensis cranium" (skfb.ly/oCVXy) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life is licensed under CC Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike (creativecommons.org/licenses/b....
"Homo erectus Skull" (skfb.ly/69UCP) by Ohio State University Art and Design is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (creativecommons.org/licenses/b....
"Homo ergaster cranium" (skfb.ly/oDAM9) y Digital Atlas of Ancient Life is licensed under CC Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike (creativecommons.org/licenses/b....
"Homo neanderthalensis (réplica)" skfb.ly/6QSYK) by Museo [UV] Historia Natural is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (creativecommons.org/licenses/b....
"Homo erectus Cranium" skfb.ly/6QXIK) by gwuanthro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (creativecommons.org/licenses/b....
Taung Child Skull byRadiolabis licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution - Non-Commercial license.
"Homo sapiens (2501.1rp35) - cranium" skfb.ly/6QUBV) by RLA Archaeology is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial (creativecommons.org/licenses/b....
I've been a student of this subject since childhood, and I'm an old lady now and a retired primate caretaker. This is an excellent talk and it's great to see that interest in our human origins and what we are as a species has never died but progressed. Thank you.
We have learned so much in my lifetime. I remember one of my first crushes was with Dame Jane Goodall DBE after watching a documentary in school. Khaki shorts do it every time lol.
Agreed! I went from wanting to be a geologist and paleontologist in HS and college to wanting a career as an paleo-anthropologist. Sadly I achieved none of those goals, but I never lost my curiosity and desire to learn more about our origins. Fascinating stuff.
looking back, with all the revelations from discoveries, analyses with more advanced tech etc, it must have been quite an adventure....Im certain our ancient ancestors would be greatly proud of you. I hope that puts a smile on your face.
Oh sure, that's what they all say. Who isn't a primate caretaker? Just kidding.
My wife is getting over a chest cold... I've honed my primate caretaking skills this past week! When the kids were little, I'd take them out for hot, sweet "simian rolls." We had such dad/kids fun. They never got the play on words, at 5 and 7, but I enjoyed my little quips immensely. 😂❤
The 'running ape' . Sprinting is a great way to avoid predators but 'Seeing' the predator first is paramount. In all the suggestions of the reason for bipedalism in apes I have never heard mentioned the fact that an upright posture makes it easier to turn the whole torso, and then the neck , to look behind and scan the area (pretty much like meerkats) for predators. So this may be another contributing factor...along with wading in water, and carrying things, heat...etc
I heard it a lot, and it's also mentioned in this video .. there's a great series about it called ""CARTA The Upright Ape" .. ( But the water thing is a bit far-fetched.)
I actually heard this idea in a sci-fi series from HFY lol
and driving for Uber
It also allows for much more efficient locomotion, which made us incredibly effective at chasing prey to exhaustion.
@@badsamaritan8223and now we can reach stuff up on the high shelves
It's worth noting that gorillas and chimpanzees knuckle-walk in different ways, indicating that they evolved 3-legged walking independently from each other and that it's not an ancestral trait. This is part of what's been leading more and more people to consider that some level of bipedalism may be the ancestral trait of apes and that we are the only ones who retained it.
This is the best comment here...and yes they dirved from a form of us...even there monkey babies look more like us when born...
The idea that Australopithecus was making tools over 3mil years ago is mind blowing!
I wouldn't doubt it if they had little huts an villages too.
How about humanoid bipeds, with modern human feet, having Scissors and possibly nailfiles to neatly trim their toenails, about 65 million years ago - the age ofvthe slate seam I had pallets of roofing slates from, with a lot of modern footprints in. It was really stunning to see them, and even more stunning that my feet fitted perfectly into both left and right footprint, almost as though they were moulded around my feet. Size 43 European. Seems we may have De evolved this past 65 million years or so ? 🤔
Bipedal walking began in trees with horizontal branches, been saying that since before Ardy,
There is a book I have somewhere regarding tool use by animals. it is fairly common for animals to use tools but this book states that all the tool uses are opportunistic whereas humans are more future visionary regarding making tools from raw ingredients. Communication and learning just got stronger and stronger over time as we developed. By communication we made tools better over time.
It isn't just the tool usage that is incredible but how many generations of our evolutionary line have been slowly and painstakingly fighting to overcome the limitations of our physical biology and the natural world (although we are part of the natural world). It's humbling and sad that they never got to see what we have achieved from their humble beginnings. Also to imagine how puzzled and afraid they must have been to have limited intelligence (and I'll assume consciousness) trying to figure out the world they have been thrown into and the possibility that my consciousness could have instantiated at any point in the 3myr lineage. Damn, I'm grateful to live here and now when we have a good foundational understanding of our origins and our place in the universe.
9:36 "one small step for an ape, but a great step towards humanity" -Neil Armstrongalis, 3 000 000 BC
Ah yes, the original feet pics.
Homo Fetishismus
A small oddity at 3:25. The map of Germany shown is a World War 2 period map. It shows Germany after the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia.
Biology is Beauty !!
Yes..Biology is not story like your Ramayanam and Mahabharatham.. Its true based on scientific evidence..
And therefore you are beauty
I much appreciate your videos for how easy they're to understand. I'm from East Germany, and so, I was taught by teachers, who had actually studied Russian and had either studied English only as a minor subject without passion or only later had English as a further education, for the most of my school time. Just in the last 3 years, I got a teacher who only studied Russian to be allowed to study English. This is why I'm struggling with English, but some creators like you make it so easy that often when I wanna share it with other people, I stopped for a moment because I'm not sure if they understand it, too. Sometimes, I wanna share it with people who may not understand Englisch, and then, I realize I totally forgot it was English content. Sometimes, I wanna share it with English speaking people, and my first thought is that it would be dumb to share German content. So, try to imagine exactly what I saw and heard, and this is the point when I realize the magic. I remember the complete side, even the advertising at the borders. I remember the text, not in English but in German. I remember the voice in the video, even yours, but they don't speak English in my head, but German. So, I go back, and I am confused by realizing it never was on German. This is every time again when I stop thinking it only could be German because I didn't struggle to understand it, and start thinking I'm not that bad in English as I think. The problem is rather that I built up a barrier every time when I'm forced to speak or understand English because I wanna stay in my comfort zone. I really appreciate this because this is a source of motivation to practice English, which is something I completely missed in my entire school life. I'm on the one hand sad about to have missed so much over these years, but I'm much more happy about to enjoy another cool language and so much more interesting stuff now. So, thank you so much for your work! 🥹
You’re doing great Alice!!!
you talk a bit too much
Englisch kommt durchs benutzen, der Versuch ist der erste Schritt und so wie du/sie schreibst/schreiben funktioniert es doch hervorragend! Ich bin mit sicher das es immer besser wird, nicht aufgeben!
@@rizkyadiyanto7922 tja 🤷♀️
Your English is very good. There are a few mistakes, but you will get there soon!
I’ve seen adults in the Amazon area who have almost never worn shoes, and their feet look much different from my North American feet.
Agreed. I recall about ten years ago watching a National Geographic special on the tribes of the Amazon. They were following a small group of tribesmen as they snuck through the jungle hunting monkeys with poison darts. At one point the camera man panned down to their feet and I was shocked to see that they bore a striking resemblance to primate feet.
If you haven't already, look into barefoot shoes. After wearing barefoot shoes, I only wear conventional shoes to look stylish for special occasions. Otherwise, barefoot shoes are so much more comfortable.
0:36 "Gorillas have been taught to use sign language" yeah, unfortunately not actually. If you look at Koko's "speech" linguistically, they're not structured or complex, just simple words in usually no consistent word order. Most of the communication was a huge deal of interpretation by the researcher, not actual communication by sign language.
Gutsick gibbon has mentioned in a few videos how there are "languages" that exist in other primates. I can't remember which one specifically, but there was an alarm call for danger, then another as a modifier for location. It's not as developed/massive as ours, but also doesn't need to be. And without a cultural context, apes using sign language may be using is differently than we would expect, but makes perfect sense to them. There's an island that doesn't differentiate between animals like most other places, it's either a sea creature or a land creature. Word order could imply emphasis. _I_ never said that. I never _said_ that. It's also difficult to know if they understand the word the same way we do. When you're teaching a dog "potty" but you say it when you are letting them out into the yard, you can't be sure they understand it as anything other than being let out into the yard.
@@catelynh1020 no doubt there are proto/almost languages in many animals, but they aren't Language in the way humans use them; long and complex, recursive, etc. Koko definitely learned some of the basic signs, but likely didn't understand what they meant-only that certain signs elicit certain responses from the researchers. She couldn't actually put them into use. Gutsick Gibbons is a PhD in Biological Anthropology, not Linguistics. Same issue as the original researchers that worked with Koko: they underestimate the complexity of human languages and interpret the sparse output into a language, when the output is not actually at that level
Exactly.
Human arrogance.
Exactly. The Gorilla named "Koko" was literally Aping-Back actions (signs) that it had learned would result in a reward for it (i.e.: food, attention), from it's handlers. The Gorilla had no "conscious" understanding of "communication" other than in the most base animal reciprocation of actions & signs.
The shot of a gorilla punching a termite mound at 13:52 is amazing. Kudos to whomever captured that footage.
I wanna bet the termites came after them somehow for that.
@@ikawba00 My money is on the silverback.
Im writing this before seeing the video but I just wanted to say I got giddy when I saw that you were doing one on the oldest footprints and what information you were going to dig up on those amazing prints. I'll come back and edit after I see the video... Always amazed at the info packed into a 15min video! I love all the reasons you gave for why we started standing up since those prints were made and how they were made over 3.5 million years ago!! I feel smarter than I was 15mins ago! ;) Thank you RS!
uhhh ok
...SIGH... This video uncritically repeats the Rubric that the 'arch' found in the human foot evolved to serve as a "shock-absorber...since the foot is supporting So Much Of the body's weight."(t=10:30sec~10:40sec). 2nd claim first; when we're standing unaided (not holding- & leaning on a cane, etc.) 100% (NOT 'much') of our bodyweight is borne by the structures of our feet. As for the 'arch' claim, the animation showing central loading is deceptive; when stationary, our ankles joint to the heels BEHIND the 'arch' -- gaining ZERO 'shock absorption' from the arch. And arches are also present in the feet of apes - helping the foot curve-'round/conform to features grasped by the opposed big toe.
@@neclark08 What do you believe supports lifting you when you walk, run, and jump? They say, "[...] when you walk bipedally." They are not just talking about standing still... SIGH...
I laughed too even before I watched it.
Your content is a credit to KZhead. Another great video! It explains why my German Shephard becomes more fatigued that me during our walks. I thought it was just due to her less-efficient way of cooling through paw pads, nose, and mouth.
Dogs are built to run, not walk. that's why some farmers shoot loose dogs on thier property, because dogs can literally run down deer. A dog can run deer to the point of exhaustion, then they kill the deer.
@@Sean2002FUdogs only run when theres a reason. Adults dont run when can walk and dont walk when they can lie down. 😅 I live in the countryside and there are lanes and areas where mine can safely be off the lead. They will run 10 or 20 feet to an interesting smell and then sniff for ages. Even when young their idea of exercise was moving from one smell to the next. Getting every molecule. The little terrier will run further if I get ahead but only to catch up. The larger terrier rarely runs at all. I get better exercise when I'm walking without them.
This definitely checks out. A lot of what causes foot pain for me is the way that my foot distributes weight very poorly
plantar facitious, perhaps?
Nah it's those Counter Terrorist boots they'e bad for your feet
You should walk barefoot once in a while... that really helps...
@@Fantastic_Mr_Fox lmfao
@@1Pararegiment probably. I’m on my feet a lot between work and everything
Good video - only one very minor correction - the co-discoverer of Lucy was Donald "Johanson", not "Johnson" as stated in the narration. Minor yes, but names are important.
That, and the brief mention of gorillas being taught sign language has been shown to be dubious for multiple reasons. Always gotta try and correct misinformation, no matter how minor or widespread it is. 👍
Since we are here: when they say that there are several theories trying to explain why humans walk upright, it it wrong, there are several hypothesis. Theory is a proven hypothesis.
@@rafaelverolla7276 The predominant theory I was taught was that as the forests in parts of Africa started thinning and changing into grasslands, the primates had to come down from the trees and make their way across the open spaces to find other food sources. Those that could stand more fully erect above the tops of the tall grasses for longer periods of time were able to spot danger in the area from further away, thus giving more time to reach the safety of a tree and ultimately, more of a lifespan to pass on their genes. I don't recall the narrator mentioning that in this presentation.
a bit less 'nitpicky' is @ 9:52 she indicates that footprints are not fossils - footprints are TRACE FOSSILS She does it again @ 10:54
the March of Progress graphic @ 13:27 is mostly double plus ungood
The fact that modern humans as a species have existed for more than 150,000 years really puts in perspective the timescale of the progress of evolution. The first civilizations only appeared a couple thousand years ago. For me it is fascinating to think about how we will at some point have become a new different species I don't understand why so many people got triggered because I said "a couple thousand years ago". I obviously did not mean just 2000 years (look at my damn username lol). So, for all the people that chose do ignore my point and focus on this, let me at least make it clear: The earliest civilization is thought to be Mesopotamia which is estimated to have formed in 5000BC so 7000 thousand years ago. Going back to my point, 7000 is not a lot compared to 150000 years!! (Pollock, Susan, and Pollock Susan. Ancient mesopotamia. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 1999.)
"Only a couple thousand years ago"? That's not correct. There's kobecla tepe. It dates 12,000. Intentionally buried. The 12,900 years ago cataclysm may have set humanity back and erased evidence of a global web of civilization.
Evidence now indicates a time as far back as 300k years ago if not more. In recent years many discoveries have destroyed all the previous believed ancestors of humans. At this time no legitimate anthropologist will say we evolved from any of the other hominids, interbreeding with them yes but not evolving from them.
A couple of thousand years ago? That would be the time of Jesus, soooooo......no. besides, the civilization timeline has been updated even from the previously believed estimate of 6,000 years ago Google Gobekli Tepi.
@@saratonnan I thought that was closer to 12,000 years?
@@saratonnan compared to 150,000 years, 6,000 years is just a couple of thousand.
As a member of the great apes, I am endlessly fascinated by all things primate. And that includes all of our ancestors. After all, they helped to make us what we are. I find it particularly interesting that bipedalism evolved before the bigger brain. We were taught the opposite when I was in high school. This is what I like about studying human evolution--always something new to earn.
Insanely well documented. It should be presented at school as a lecture
My readings into this subject indicate the ancestors of Australopithecus were most likely Shore-Based, in which case, they would have walked through shallow ponds / rivers, which in turn would have reduced the weight on their hips... which would have allowed them to walk upright for longer periods. Generations upon Generations of this behaviour would have pre-selected for more appropriate hips, to extend the amount of time walking upright in the water that was possible. This then would have translated to walking on dry land too. For example, Chimps can walk upright now, on dry land, but not for very long, since their hips are not designed for that; but when they walk through water, they can walk upright for a much longer time, before it starts to hurt. Trouble is they rarely walk through water, so there's no evolutionary pressure for their hips to change. If the ancestors of Australopithecus were indeed shore based, they may have been gathering mollusks for food, which would have provided them with more DHA-Omega3, which would have been another first step to increasing the brain size. With the Hips now evolved for better upright walking, the foot was now in a better position to start evolving for larger weight too, but also for fore-foot running. And when we started to do Persistent Hunts, the long distance running had the benefit of producing Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), which also would have had a positive influence on increasing our brain size. There's also the thinking that mushrooms additionally played a big role in creating new connections within the brain, i.e. the stoned ape hypothesis.
I have read a book that blew my mind: Who asked the First Question... So walking on 2 feet may be the start point, I really feel that the development of language and the capacity of making questions is what really differs us from other animals
These documentaries are amazing! I've already watched them on nebula, but they are so good I watched this again here on KZhead. With ads and all!
Thanks for the high quality content as always. Great channel, goals for me tbh.
Kevin Hunt does work on ape positional behavioural choices, usually based on cultural practices related to carrying, display, or tool innovation. this can lead to huge differences in hip-leg growth, e.g.
Could you do a story/essay on heat resistant snails that live around volcanos, sometime.
Bro! Seriously....!!!! This channel is the best! Thank you so much to everyone involved in the production of this video/channel! You guys rock 🙏🙏🙏
Absolutely excellent video and breakdown of the topic. Never been so clear for me. Excellent plug too. Little correction though: thats a 200,000 year difference between those possible footstep dates. Not 20,000.
Excellent presentation of this subject, and beautifully made video:)
Although some of this info has been alluded for some time now, it was good to see it all put together in a linear way that most people (especially those in denial) can understand. Thx.
Evolution is such a fascinating and beautiful subject. The incremental improvement over time is just amazing to watch unfold.
This is a wonderful doc. Great job
I love your channel. So much work and dedication. You make sure to give as much information as possible, straight facts, and you dont mention any bs for click bait. Your videos are 100% related to the title unlike 99% of KZheadrs. I feel bad that I missed this when it was uploaded. Smh, I'm going to Nebula
I recently saw the jaw (the only piece ever found) of a Homo heidelbergensis in Germany, it's amazing to look at something so human and know that it's technically a different and now extinct species. Crazy to think about.
Quality content! Keep up the good work
the natural human foot is deformed by our narrow shoes.. especially the big toe suffers and it greatly impacts our stability just try spreading your toes using your hands and see how much of a difference it makes
I have frog toes but my mom made sure i got shoes that were wide enough, she was forced to wear too narrow shoes growing up which probably contributed to her various aches and pains. I also would rather go barefoot if i wasn't afraid of stepping on a nail.
Yup. We didn't evolve to have our toes made into a pointy tip by our shoes. It's like mild footbinding
That's why I don't wear any footwear at home. I only wear footwear like shoes while I am outside.
Um...buy shoes that fit your feet, folks.
@@brittanylyles8285 the point is that the vast majority of modern shoes are not made to fit ANY human foot without deforming it over time
Bipedalism is an adaptation that allows you to catch these hands!
The history of our ancestors is fascinating.We are a species that was shaped to change the environment around us. Greetings from Brazil!
Evidence is mounting that this wasn’t necessarily a good thing.
Love these videos and especially the awesome renders
Great content, as usual. Keep it up.
Interesting choice of map for Germany at 3:25 😅
Exactly my thoughts
I had to go back and double check
It's a map made for our sister production on Real Engineering called "Battle of Britain". Good eye but it's an Easter egg!
@@moboxgraphics Great idea, but you shouldn't have done so for Germany, because of its relatively recent history.
Learning about our origins and how we progressed is so humbling yet so inspiring. I wonder how future evolved humans will look like and be capable of
Well natrual evolution is probably going to take a back seat to gene editing
Tall and slender? Or like the humans from Wall-e? 😂
That was really interesting. I definitely to need to finish this series.
Donald Johnson..? No, he was the co-star of Miami Vice, alongside Philipp Michael Thomas. You're looking for Donald Johanson, he's the paleontologist.
The video and editing are superb
Knowing Abigail Thorn is an important feature of nebula is the best argument against using nebula.
The evidence is more important today than it has been in a long time thank you for a wonderful presentation
Miracles have always been what suppressed human thoughts
ur channel is so informative n well written
very probable we where already bipedal before we even left the trees. gorilla's and chimps also likely evolved knuckle walking seperately as they do it differently to each other. and it happened after we diverged from them. plus gibbon's (the only extant lesser apes) are bipedal in the trees, and stay bipedal when on the ground. australopithicus was also bipedal and semi-arboreal.
Yea we need more fossils but if you know Sahelanthropus, Orrorin etc. it’s probable that our common ancestor was bipedal and living in trees
Why is nobody talking about the visuals in this video? They are absolutely stunning in how everything transitions.
I believe that we started walking probably because of tool use. As we became more dependent on tools we would need our hands free more often. It would also explain our brain growth. As our tools became more complex we had to be smarter.
Every miss universe contestant begins their answers with those two words "I believe...."
This brain growth idea works in theory, but so does the reverse. It might have been we could only make more complex tools because our brains evolved first and the more complex tools followed after. Seeing as walking seemingly developed before bigger brains, this logic would conclude tool use had nothing to do with walking. I'm not saying you're wrong, it's just not exactly an uncontested slam-dunk theory.
Lucy had a body that made her male companions walk upright
But Ardiphitecus fossil says the other way
In one book by the guy who studied Lucy his theory had to do with climate change. It got drier and few trees widely separated remained. So we were in savanna and forced to the ground to go from tree to tree or find food and water. Probably still slept in a tree if possible. Sounds plausible
While it is true that Lucy was found in Ethiopia in 1974 by Tom Grey and Don Johanson. The photo that you show of the two men are actually Don Johanson and Tim White. Not Tom Grey. Tim White, of course, was the paleo anthropologist responsible for the discovery and description if Ardipithecus Ramidus, or "Ardi."
Footprints, the og footpics and I'm here for it
13:46 BOMBASTIC SIDE EYE
Best video I’ve seen! Even the graphics are excellent!
Great to finally see this here
I am obsessed with human evolution content so now I will finally try Nebula 😁
There is a better channel that dives DEEP into it and has been doing so for several years. History with Kayleigh. She is very exhaustive and not only shows one side but all sides including all dissenting arguments. Being hot educated and Dutch helps as well.
Thanks for such a great video!
Biology is beauty !!
Not only Koko, but Washoe, the chimp taught ASL, would also lie and make spontaneous sign combos to describe new things.
cause they didn't actually know ASL and it was all interpreted by the human, doing so to promote their belief. Gorilla sign language has been disproven unfortunately, or it could be scientifically verified if true.
Congratulations on being the most subscribed to female presenter on nebula. Good shit!
So an eternal omnipotent omniscient supernatural universe spanning space wizard, without an origin, who finally got bored of floating in a dark vacuum, did not create us?
Why so bitter?
@@revolvermaster4939 Probably was raised to believe that an eternal omnipotent omniscient supernatural universe spanning space wizard, without an origin, who finally got bored of floating in a dark vacuum, created us, and found out that there are better explanations out there that actually make sense.
@@Skibbityboo0580 I was raised in a completely secular household. Your bitterness paints you as a God hater as opposed to an atheist.
@@revolvermaster4939 I'm not bitter, I am not the person you said was bitter. I was just saying that people raised religious, only to find out that it's mostly just a big lie, can be bitter about it. Also see all the awful events done in the name of gods, that could make someone bitter too.
@@Skibbityboo0580 I’m aware of history and atrocities committed in the name of God. I’m also aware of the history of communism/Marxism/fascism, the complete lack of religion, and the hundreds of millions exterminated in the last 150 years because of a lack of religion.
You should really look into th3 whole gorillas learning sign language thing more, specifically koko, ita fairly obvious that she didn't really know at all.
New sub here! Great video and excellent narration.
Thank you for another great episode
0:36 this statement requires a huge asterisk
..we started walking upright so we could see the food..that freed the hands..
2:15 I take umbrage at "feeling" being in this list. Wecould debate back and forth on the other things, but humans dotend to come out on top in those categories. But feeling? You cannot tell me other apes don't have deep and profound feelings on par with our own.
Awesome video as always, thank you for your time.
To bad it is filled with now debunked information. The only good thing is the footprints everything else is pushing a narrative not science.
BUEN TRABAJO. Felicitaciones
Love this channel!!
Fossilised footprints are still fossils. They're called ichnofossils, or trace fossils, and are just as important as bone fossils.
huh... how does being bipedal lead to less energy expenditure? i would've thought that supporting a body on 4 legs is more stable, more passive
I believe the basic idea is that it takes less energy to move two legs than four. I'd imagine it's a more complex answer though.
The energy saved by walking on 2 legs is minuscule but every calorie saved counts when it comes to survival. Consider just the energy exerted from the movement of leg muscles alone and then imagine having an extra pair of appendages constantly exerting energy to facilitate movement. While quadrupedal stability does save some energy it doesn’t beat bipedal locomotion.
Bipedalism can be much more efficient if done right. But it also has other advantages. It frees up your hands for tools and lets you see farther because your head is higher up.
@@skippy9214 Extedned sight seems one of the first and principal reason to me, then only the others. Even animals will stand up to see more.
On 2 legs you "fall" into your next step, this means gravity helps you. It is one of the reasons going uphill is so much harder than walking on the flat.
A video on the insane biology of the jaguar. PLEASE !!!!!
Fascinating
The idea that apes have been taught to communicate in sign language is highly suspect. The Soup Emporium channel has an eye-opening video on the subject that's well worth a watch and might shed some light on the subject
Thanks for this excellent video.
Foot print info starts @9:50
THANK YOU
This turned out to be click bait
The quality of this video is super
Thanks for sharing
Just think about a future species digging up your bones a million years later
Wish I could get Nebula but it seems you can only pay by creditcard, which my country doesn't use. I'm afraid I will have to wait until you expand your payment options
I remember something about the evolution of our brains having to do with when our Jaws began to shift it made room for our brains to be able to develop and grow or something like that
you peel bananas from the top down, I peel from the bottom up. *WE ARE NOT THE SAME.*
Nice Work👍
I had a consignment of natural slates from India, finest qualiry imagineable, and a lot of them had humanoid 3 dimensional footprints in them, Identical to the modern Human foot. my feet, size 43 european, or 8 and a half in other measures, fitted perfectly into both the left and right footprints. so fine, it must have been like waklking in talcum powder an inch to two inches deep. You could even tell thatvthe toenails were neatly trimmedvor manicured, and that there was no hair on the sides of the feet, each print had the triangular scuff mark behind the heel, that we get when strolling on damp sand at the beach. The Slate Seams these slates were cut from, apparently are aboutv65 million years old. The Slates were a nice silvery grey metallic colour, so the quarry should be easy to track down, andcthe number of footprints in three crates of slates were so numerous, they must be very common in that quarry. I showed them around local friends and neighbours , and left some at the local Museum with my business Card, but they never got back to me. Best Wishes. Bob in Wales. 👍
2:20 Carnivory, for one. -and the need to procure game with wit, cooperation, weapons & tools.
That intro feels nice
Where did Donovan Bullen get the music?
I missed the mentioning of the first ape that walked upright, Danuvius guggenmosi, and our possibly oldest Human ancestor, Graecopithecus freybergi.
Great Video!
To me, this and religion can’t coexist
Not all religions are as stupid as you assume.
@@evaisthisiaeclaire6365maybe, but all religions are poison.
5:49 is a fasinating part
Amazing video
1:52 Not my local one, the manager tore down my tent and called the police.
imagine if bipedalism (and eventually intelligence) evolved closer to orangutans instead of chimps
Black Ragnar Lothbrok and old Josh Brolin in despair at 6:20
A bi product of bipedalism could also have been that it allowed the hands to become more dexterous and useful for the development of better tools and tool use. Hands and brain development are inter dependent. The complexity of hand function as an extension of the brain’s ability to express itself is orders of magnitude stronger than the brain and the feet, for instance. So bipedalism freed up the hands to become ever more useful and the Brain took full advantage of that.
Everything we have ever known about our origins is based on knowledge derived from fossils. How many remains are found and how many remains are fossilized? We do not know that nor do we know what was not fossilized
".. a form of radioactive potassium that has a very precise half-life." As if there are ANY radio isotopes *without* an "accurate" (well, as in predictable) half-life?
goood i love videos like this