Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe
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We’ve traveled to lots of weird places on this show - from the interiors of black holes to the time before the big bang. But today I want to take you on a journey to what has got to be the weirdest place in the modern universe - a place where matter exists in states I bet you’ve never heard of. Today we take a journey to the center of the neutron star.
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Hosted by Matt O'Dowd
Written by Matt O'Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Ajay Manuel
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / multidroideka
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his palms are sweaty, knees weak, arms are heavy hes suffering from radiation poisoning already nuclear spaghetti
The most ambitious cross-over episode in….. space-time.
8-times Or Space-miles
might as well face it
nice
Snap back to reality ope there goes gravity
At the start of the video I was like "oh please Matt, states of matter I've never heard of, I've been watching this channel long enough of course I know about quark-gluon plasma and strange matter don't be silly." But I shouldn't have been so overconfident, I never saw nuclear lasagna coming.
😂 we've all been there.
I'd known about nuclear pasta for a while (including other forms like the gnocchi and bucatini phases), but had never heard of quark-gluon plasma. Interesting how different people wind up with different "holes" in their knowledge base.
Neutron stars are my favorite topic in stellar physics. But now, for the first time, I can say, with conviction, that they are the most tortured corpses in the universe. You have a new subscriber. You even mentioned The Pauli Exclusion Principal which was inevitable. Great video!
@luthermcgee3767 Whoa! That's the best description of a neutron star. " ..the most tortured corpses in the universe." I don't know if that's your expression or if it's been around but it's the first time I've read it. Cool. I'm going to write a song called, "I'm a Neutron Star." It's going to be a song about a well-liked person who has a personality that shines. Yet, for a long time, deep inside, he's always been a tortured soul.
@@libraryquiet , wow! I'd like to see it when it's completed.
PBS is one of the highest production value channels on the natural universe out there, with fantastic hosts. Just love you guys!
Oh, no. Thank yourself. "PBS is brought to you by viewers like you" 👏
Too political
@rezzer7918 don't fing watch it then donkey
Sucks to be a proton in a neutron star
like that one kid stuck in a mosh pit that was only looking for the bathroom 🤘
Yeah and what a beautiful craft.. Is that a Draken?
Probably jealous of all the neutron drip
@@TheBlueB0mber That was the electron. The proton meant to be there, just last week. For the Phish show.
sucks to be me
Neutron stars call me the most extreme carbon in the universe.
"Or do they?" *Vsauce music plays*
Dark colored rain does sound a bit carbony
Is that from the chocolate rain I wonder?
What the… HEY MAN HOW ARE YOU LONG TIME!! 😂
Tay so glad to see you here glad we have a common interest!
I'd always imagined that the surface of a neutron star would be the smoothest surface in the universe. After all, a ball of chromed steel is pretty granular by comparison with its volume some 10k greater than a ball of nuclear matter.
Reminds me of the Rick & Morty scene about "total flatness".
** Owen Wilson voice: "So, scariest environment imaginable... got it, that's all you have to say, scariest environment imaginable...."
How did PBS get blessed with such a great host? Seriously Matt is so awesome. Cheers!
old host had to go away, matt took his place. old host was pretty good so everyone was worried, but matt blew us out of the water by being even better.
@@GraveUypo Yup, nO'Dowd about it!
It's interesting you like him, I prefer Phil Plait. His role hosting CrashCourse Astronomy is a few years old now, but I love his passion, his warm diction and find him more engaging than Matt Dowd.
For some reason I feel exactly the opposite.
@@Herkimer_Snerd perhaps you two could explore a superposition of preference -- they are both excellent in their own ways!
You have to appreciate the script writer for consistently ending all scripts of all episodes over almost a decade with the phrase "space time" 👏👏👏👏👌
The 'script writer' is Matt.
Space time...
But they don't end up with those 2 words every single time 🤔
Lol.....get back in line.
@@finnishfatman All episodes I've ever seen ended up with "space time".
Great info! Just one correction: Jupiter and Saturn revolve around the sun in roughly 12 and 29 Earth years, not 5 and 12. Thanks for this series, PBS television needs to present this type of content more often.
Thank you PBS and all involved for opening my mind a little more with each episode.
"A place where matter exists in states that I bet you never heard of." Dude, I just had Michael Stevens telling me that ordinary objects don't even exist in the first place. Try me. Edit: Gotta hand it to you, Matt, I didn't expect lasagna.
Nobody expects lasagna :U
@@carloguerrero6583 SCP-3166 wants to know your location.
@@carloguerrero6583 Especially when it radiates at millions of times the energy of our sun. UwU
@@kaizokujimbei143 Aye. You would expect your mom's spaghetti to do that, not some random lasagna you found in the star
A place where matter exists in states we've never heard of? So... Missouri?
The centers of Neutron Stars, where the Pastafarian Gods reside.
R'amen
Holly fck, that is a fact! R'amen!
And touched by the hair of angels - ramen.
Praise cheeses! For he toppeth the weak.
That sounds like it could really work as a jumping off point for Lovecraftian satire.
THE best explanation of neutron stars I've ever heard. Sometimes this stuff goes over my head, but this was spot-on.. Thanks Matt, and all at SpaceTime!
There is literally **no one** I would put more faith in to save the galaxy than Matt O’Dowd. Thank you for keeping us safe!!
Even god can't help us only Matt O'Down can save us.
@@mine7172RCC😅
😪😪😪😪😮💨😮💨🤤🤤
Those transitions to the ending words of spacetime are so smooth, they're used as a superfluid in particle accelerators.
for what? lubrication? :D
@@aatsiii They're also highly charged with wittiness, so when it becomes a superfluid it also becomes a superconductor. They're used to generate the magnetic fields in the accelerators :)
LONG STORY SHORT... uh we don't know. Take the unsafe shot instead.
HOW AND WHY E=MC2 IS NECESSARILY AND CLEARLY F=MA ON BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity: Energy has/involves GRAVITY, AND ENERGY has/involves inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE. C4 is the proof of the fact that E=mc2 IS F=ma ON BALANCE. This explains the fourth dimension. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=MA ON BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity !!! The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. E=MC2 IS F=ma. ("Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity.) The EARTH/ground AND what is THE SUN are CLEARLY (on balance) E=MC2 AS F=ma. TIME dilation ULTIMATELY proves ON BALANCE that E=MC2 IS F=ma IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity !!! (Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy.) The sky is blue, AND THE EARTH is ALSO BLUE. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. E=MC2 IS F=ma ON BALANCE. Great !!! This NECESSARILY represents, INVOLVES, AND DESCRIBES what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. GRAVITATIONAL force/ENERGY IS proportional to (or BALANCED with/as) inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma ON BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity !!! It all CLEARLY makes perfect sense. BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. E=MC2 IS F=ma. The MIDDLE DISTANCE is thus balanced with/as the full distance (in/of space), as the stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. This NECESSARILY represents, INVOLVES, AND DESCRIBES what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. Time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves ON BALANCE that ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma. Indeed, TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE; AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. (The sky is BLUE, AND THE EARTH IS ALSO BLUE; AND the stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky.) It all CLEARLY does make perfect sense. BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. By Frank DiMeglio
0:20 just wish theyd change the intro song to something less kiddish. ill have the playlist going and hearing the intro song is offputting
I clicked this video at relativistic speeds
Bruh. What keyboard do you have?
I mean mouse.... razer
@@ZeddZul A strong one
Doing so you're probably going to finish it way past the rest of us.
@@fiiral5870 steelseries??
It's interesting seeing polymer-type chains develop.
it was interesting, since in the real world long chain polymers are also created under extreme pressure..
Neutron star: Ah ha! I am the most extreme object in the universe! Quark star: Hold my beer...
Black hole: That’s cute.
@@mikekolokowsky Well, black hole are quite simple to describe, it''s the singularity who cannot be
Sounds like a story from Gravy Dumplings and other UFO’s (Unidentified Frying Objects)
@@mikekolokowsky The original form of the universe: Bang!
@@brotheralaric7177 well, black holes can bend space-time so much that even something like light we always considered as instantaneous or at least insanely fast from our tiny weak human perspective, can't escape from it's gravitational force if it's too close from it. Its core is actually so dense that we don't even know how matter could behave in such a place. Neutrons stars are not on the same level at all.
"Nuclear lasagna" Yep, Garfield is an astrophysicist confirmed.
And he eats just enough to ensure the tank is full
Underrated comment
SCP-3166 wants to know your location.
Mmmm. Degenerate Lasagne. [Homer drools]
Look up Garfield without Garfield
Neutron stars have always been the most fascinating things to me, I love learning everything I can about them.
中子星
@@Nicole-gm2lg I don't understand a lick of Chinese.
Neutron stars are perhaps my favourite space thing just because their properties combine unimaginable properties at a comprehensible scale. Like, I can visualize an object the size of a neutron star.
It would be interesting to "see" what it would look like if you were hypothetically standing on the surface of a neutron star (obviously impossible due to the intense gravity but still). There would be quite a bit of gravitational lensing, so it'd be really neat to see a render of what it would look like. Not nearly as much as a black hole, but I wonder if you could look in front of you and see the back of your head.
Dr. Robert L. Forward wrote some GOOD science fiction. One novel, I'm sorry the title escapes me, concerned life occurring on the surface of a neutron star.
@@swiftmatic Dragon's Egg.
@@StormsparkPegasus THANK YOU! 🙌
I was seriously inspired as a kid by Robert L. Forward's "Dragon's Egg" series, rigorously postulating how life on a neutron star would exist. I wonder how the science holds up now.
@OMG Puppies Yep. Say Hello to the Cheela on the way down.
I loved that story. Thank you for reminding me of it.
Loved that book, the Stephen Baxter book Flux was also an interesting take on life inside a neutron star.
I love this book, great story
Such a good book. I think for the understanding of Neutron stars at the time it was pretty spot on. Now…. Not so much. For example, the height of the mountains in the book are too big by about an order of 10 IIRC. But a lot of the fundamentals still hold.
"This is perhaps the least known and most freaky state of matter in the universe." Astrophysics has its own Creepypasta...😨
literally a creepy pasta
This was fascinating. I've probably forgotten it all already but I love these bite sized pieces of physics. Mind blown AGAIN 😆
Science is epic and i can easily recommend you more, if you like, but regardless of that: Some More News aint even a Science-KZheadr but he's my main-news-source cause he's so unbiased and isDeal is basically to be a Satire of the Concept of a News-TV-Channel.
Matt, you are the hero of strange-matter situations. Please don’t ever leave us stuck, alone, talking with a quark-gluon plasma at the next astronomy cocktail meet and greet!
“Matter in states I’ve never heard of.” Me: Oh yeah, try me. “Wyoming” Me: Ok, you win.
Wait, I've never heard of that place!
Isnt he a basketball player?
My guess was Rhode Island. It says it's just an island, but it's actually an entire state!
Not much in Wyoming matters
Imagine thinking that formulating your stupid, samey quote comment in such a way that people have to click "read more" in order to read it, will actually get people to waste their time clicking and reading it.
I would argue in the opposite direction on not counting black holes as the strangest things in the universe, on the ground that the event horizon would put them outside the causally connected universe we live in
Gravity is a causal effect though
Black holes are not really objects, and they are the most simple thing to fully describe. Mass and spin. In theory they also have electric charge, but that should be close to zero for all of them. There is literally nothing else to say about a black hole itself. All the interesting stuff is in the space around it.
@@Yora21 "not really objects"? So why don't you illuminate us on the precise line where mass and matter cease to be an "object"? As for simple to describe, I'm fairly certain Stephen Hawking would disagree, were he still alive. To be real, we're having a damn hard time describing them in precise scientific terms.
@@voxorox A black hole contains matter and energy somewhere inside it, but that's just the stuff inside the black hole, not the black hole itself.
@@Yora21 Idk, the amount of matter/energy inside still determines the properties of the black hole. I feel like a black hole is an object with an event horizon like stars are objects with magnetic fields and a wide spectrum of radiation...
13:06 "Listen carefully. You might hear the faint booms of thermonuclear storms raging above us on the surface." That's nuts, I can hear it. It sounds exactly like tinnitus tho
This channel should be required viewing in schools for science class
This channel is just pure gold. Thanks everyone involved!
"A place where matter exists in states i bet youve never heard of" I love when Matt talks nerdy to me🥰
He gets my ganglion firing red hot!
No it was just Rhode Island
Yall tumblr mf will build a corny little fandom around literally anything these days. Its almost impressive how niche this one is.
Matt can get it
@@efebrahim 😂
Great journey to the center of Faszination. Really enjoyed this episode, three cheers for a wonderful presentation. Congrats to Matt 🙌
Back again. "properly weird" is an apt description of everything in the universe.
Yes! Neutron stars - by far one of my favorite subjects in astronomy/cosmology! Thanks Matt for this episode :)
Great - then I'll ask you: Obviously extreme gravitational forces are a very early player in the cause and effect chain of events. So having said that - Is gravity somewhat responsible for running what amounts to a neutron decay in reverse? Or is it the high pressure as a result of extreme gravity? Normally (as Matt indicated) that many neutrons on iron or zinc, or anything else wouldn't exist to begin with under normal circumstances and if they did momentarily - they would beta decay away neutrons until nuclei are stable. If extreme gravity is a co-culprit, then what is really happening at the core where the nucleons are feeling gravity equally from all directions and therefore (ironically) not feeling gravity at all. Would the pressure alone be enough to keep them as neutrons? If strong gravity is also required, then we might have beta decay of neutrons at the core resulting in more (comparatively) protons in the center and electrons flying who knows where?
@@chriskennedy2846 Found a video recently that might shed light on exactly this question. I can't attest to its exactness but it makes logical sense for a largely unintuitive topic. kzhead.info/sun/oZV_mNmcqIqdqYE/bejne.html
@@chriskennedy2846 the neutrons of neutron stars are formed from either gravitational collapse or inverse β decay ( proton+electron= neutron + electron neutrino) We dont exactly know what happens in the cores of a NS but some suggest that there may be hyperons - a hadron made from up, down and strange quarks, or some other state of exotic matter.
I'm with you on that, Uzair!
kzhead.info/sun/o6mvadmvhWStpWw/bejne.html l
I love every video out of this channel but it’s extra nice to have one that’s effectively just star geology given the highly technical and mathematical material often covered here. I also felt well prepared to understand it having watched the recommended episodes.
I agree. 💯
Simply put, you cannot understand any of this until you can do the math. Sorry.
@@princeofcupspoc9073 Not sure dooing the math, makes it a sure thing you understand what´s gooing on either.
This series is ridiculously awesome!!
What a fascinating and informative video - great graphics, too. Subscribed!
It's really amazing how we know this (or at least came to these conclusions)! Much respect to those who did the work to come up with these ideas!
Totally agree. The respect I have for individuals and teams who have committed their considerable intellects to understanding the world around us - it's a very noble pursuit and I personally think society has it all wrong when it comes to who to idolise. Not actors, not sportspersons, but people who have given us new understanding, who have contributed to the knowledge for the benefit of all.
@@DanielVerberne Question: Know Some More News? Some More News aint even a Science-KZheadr but he's my main-news-source cause he's so unbiased and isDeal is basically to be a Satire of the Concept of a News-TV-Channel.
"As we leave the outer crust for the inner crust..." [7:06] Don't worry outer crust, I would never do that to you
The outer crust would be totally crushed if you would.
Physicists always think the matter is more degenerate on the other side.
Makes me want some pi
@@KWifler a la mean, a la median, or a mode?
Thanks to Matt for one of them most detailed descriptions of a neutron star.
I love these, you're very good scientist and a very good teacher. That is the highest compliment I can pay you!
Just wanted to point out that the radiation cones don't actually come out at opposite sides of the neutron star. Anton Petrov did an episode about a study of this thematic. So maybe it's time that graphics about neutron stars need to be adjusted to reflect the new discoveries, just like we did with black holes.
Yeah it is definitely far more complicated than just a simple dipole magnetic field however at this point I don't think we have a large enough sample size to say how common or uncommon the observed magnetic pole configurations that calculations based off of NuSTAR observations indicate. A sample size of two is not all that much better than a sample size of one in terms of developing good statistics.
I knew about this when I read Forward's "Dragon's Egg" in 1980.
I like people who critisize or argue. But I respect people who query a theory / supposition put forward by somebody if they present facts or experimental evidence to back up their argument.
@@markfergerson2145 Hi Mark, "Dragon's Egg" has been on my list of sci-fi books to seek out for a long time. Worth reading, in your view? If nothing else, Dragon's Egg sounds like one of those fantastic thought experiments that also works as a novel in the right hands. Know of any good place to get good (hard) sci-fi novels? I love my local libraries, but they seem to stock what's popular with the citizens and that means relatively little of the sci-fi stuff I'm interested in. (Alastair Reynolds, Arthur C Clarke, Asimov, Iain M Banks, Kim Stanley Robinson, etc)
@@DanielVerberne Forward has been criticized for writing "cardboard characters" with little or no conflict among the human characters, which many feel is unrealistic. That may be off-putting to you. However, there's a LOT of conflict between his alien characters (the inhabitants of the neutron star) and yes, there are a lot of heavy-duty hard scientific concepts (and no shortage of SF speculation) woven into the story. I have Asperger's (or HFA or whatever the Cool Kids call it these days) so character conflict was less important to me than the scientific bits. I enjoyed both Dragon's Egg and its sequel Starquake enormously. Many publishers maintain online libraries of what they've published available for purchase and download in mobi or Kindle formats. Find out who has the copyrights to what you want to read and check the publishers' websites. Those that don't have downloads available will be happy to ship dead tree copies. (If you like hard SF also check out Stephen Baxter's Xeelee Cycle books.)
Thank you for doing what you do here. You're an amazing host and your channel along with a couple others changed my life for the better. This one the most though. Since I started watching years ago, I look at the world differently. Sometimes it makes me sad to look around, but other times I am utterly amazed that anything exists at all.
Matt, usually I enjoy this content and your hosting, but this was a pleasure! Thank you and keep it up!
1:37 The James Isaac Neutron Ship. Gotta Blast.
You know, instead of stressing about The J. I. Neutron, you might have been able to just get a lift from Ms. Frizzle. She does have a pretty rocking ride after all, and well equipped for these journeys.
"The power of bad science-fiction"? Best quotable sentence I've heard in a long time.
Although the majority of people watching this are exactly at that level, the Dunning-Kruger level of thinking they know, when in reality they do not understand anything.
From what I've read, nuclear spaghetti and lasagna are but only layers 2 and 3 of nuclear pasta. Layer one is gnocchi (clumps) Layer four is anti-lasagna (solid with some empty space in form of sheets) Layer five is anti-spaghetti (solid with empty strands) Layer six is anti-gnocchi (solid with empty pockets)
Surprisingly accurate description of the neutron star. Good job.
My lullaby before sleep
This my morning video with an coffee it’s like 6 am Rn where I am. Life is good
Everyone gangsta until PBS Space Time competes with Kurzgesagt for "The Most Existential Crisis Award"
XD
Mr. Leeman Kessler wants to know your location.
Nah mate. PBS spacetime makes me fascinated and intrigued with the workings of physics in the universe. Kurzgesagt makes me have panic attacks about how much time I have wasted and am still wasting.
As long as you don't try to visit one you should be safe from neutron stars.
What kind of existential crisis they are in
"Nuclear pasta is the strongest stuff in the universe." "Could it even hold itself together, you know, anywhere outside a neutron star?" "Well..."
It will probably be unfeasible for us to use simply because the pressure isn't enough basically anywhere else for the spaghetti to hold, still interesting though
I think you buried the lede here -- you just casually dropped that we've discovered very high temperature superconducting material! I mean yeah we can't use it, but it still counts.
We can use it in our thoughts, and science fiction. That's sort of using it.
I don't think it's really buried. IIRC, there's a lot of high pressure high temperature superconductors. The problem is that we can't find a low pressure high temperature one.
@@hhaavvvvii AFAIK, no high temperature superconductor has ever been created. Carbonaceous sulfur hydride is the highest temperature superconductor yet. It has a transition temperature of 15 °C at a pressure of 2.67 megabars.
Well he did say it was all theoretical at that point. And it's not like we can make some to confirm it.
Yeah theoretical for now….
There is no such thing as indestructium, you are either thinking of impervium or nobendium.
You're being a little pedantic aren't you? I mean, they're all just alloys of unobtanium, cut my man some slack. 😉
Einsteelium
Sounds like it might be kissmyshinymetalassium
@@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394 You should start your own channel... WITH BLACKJACK AND HOOKERS!
Diamondium!
Just saw a video of how smooth these beasts surfaces are.... indescribably amazing!!!
actually, i have heard of all these states before... ...but i've forgotten most of them since last year so that's why i'm re-watching the video! :)
That was an extremely well done video. Give everyone who worked on this a raise!
Donate to PBS
I love your voice and your explanation. It's (usually) easy to understand such hard concepts
For some reason your pfp reminds me of pucci
Thanks for this, it was really good. I am fascinated by neutron stars and learned much.
I have a lot to learn, but I love listening to Matt.
I really want to know if the weak gravitational waves from massive objects are responsible for at least part of the seemingly random fluctuations in quantum systems. The waves pushing those particles around in unpredictable ways and giving the push needed to tunnel small distances at those scales among other things
Short answer: definitely not, for a tonne of reasons. One reason that I could instantly think of is that if quantum effects are caused by gravitational waves, there would be some assymetry in spatial direction since waves would be stronger coming from certain directions with closer neutron stars. There is no such assymetry in any quantum effect. Also quantum effects would change with respect to time as black hole collisions would temporerily increase the amount of waves present. No such changes in time are present in quantum effects. You could overcome the above issues if you assume that quantum effects have no or weak dependence of the strength of the waves. While this can't technically be disproven, it seems very unlikely since your motivation is that partlicles "gain energy" to tunnel through barriers, which would surely have some dependence on amplitude. Also the frequency of the waves changes with time and direction which makes things more ugly. Also not all quantum effects are "wave-like" (see quantum entanglement for example) and any theory that attempts to explain quantum mechanics with some sort of "pilot wave" effect encounters huge issues when dealing with modern quantum mechanics, gravitaional wave theorys would be no exception. So yeh, the slighlty longer answer is while what you said can't technically be disproven, you could just as easily say that quantum mechanics is caused by invisible butterfly fairys or something - ie it's not based on any sound logic.
I love Neutron Stars. I remember reading the weird science series and one of the claims always struck with me. If you dropped a marshmellow from orbit it would land with the force of a nuke. Also as a creative writer I have a series I would like to one day publish that blurs the lines of science and magic. One of the climatic fights involves an important character beating an antogonist via harnessing the power of a binary neutron star system at the moment the two stars merge and then desync. All that power delivered to a jawline. KO! Looks like I will have to update that section with descriptions of the bending of nuclear spaghettit tubes, the undulations of the nuclear lasagna, the crashing of ten cm tall mountains and how bosons bored through the antangonists brain as their jawline briefly becomes degenrate under the pressure. Previously I just really described it in terms of a cosmic ballerina dance where two partners become one all the way down to the quantum level before seperating the embrace. That's the moment the punch lands. As the two stars disentangle and revert to their relatively speaking stable orbit around one another.
Kinda sounds like Dragon Ball. What is the story about? Omnipotent entities who exist in higher dimensions that can manipulate the forces of the universe? Because I am writing about that too😂
Awesome video dude! Love this channel, been a fan for a very long time, before 100,000 subscribers. What if dark matter/energy is something that pulls on the gravity itself???
1:38: Carl Sagon's or Nel Degras Tyson's (spelling?) "Ship of the Imagination" was not out on lone. Figured. It would be like Tony Stark trying to get Batman's Batmobile.
PBS space time: we’re going to explore states of matter in ways you’ve probably never heard of. Kurtzgezart in a nutshell: hold my neutronium
Right! I had to do a triple-take looking at this title in my feed, and thinking, "...and this *isn't* Kurtzgesagt?"
Don't trust a Europocentric neutronium -plutonium equaliance theory, anyway.
01:13 You underestimate the amount of NatGeo and general nerd stuff I grew up on...
Question for you: What would neutron star material once it had cooled down look like/behave and what could you make with it?
Considering the material can only exist under the extreme pressures like the ones inside a neutron stars, it'd most likely decompress rapidly, letting off all of its bound energy in the process, making for one huge thermonuclear explosion :D
@@pav431 thanks! I’d imagined as though it’d be metastable. If it could be crafted it’d be indestructible
When you arrive, don't forget to say hi to the Cheela. (Dragon's Egg by Robert L. Forward).
Had weird déjà vu then I remembered Kurzgesagt has a video titled "Neutron Stars - The Most Extreme Things that are not Black Holes"
I was about to go to sleep an hour ago. Then, I noticed Man of Recaps had uploaded a recap for Dexter. So naturally, I watched it. After that, I was sure I'd go to sleep. Then, I noticed Science Clic English had uploaded a video about falling into a black hole. There was no way I could miss that. So I watched it. Finally, just when I was sure I'd definitely go to sleep now, PBS Space Time uploads a video about neutron stars. Am I destined to be sleepless tonight?
Cool worlds lab also did a vdieo on green stars...!
I had Wonderful Person Anton followed by that ScienceClick's falling into a black hole video and now this. What a treat!
Yes, because next one is spaceX translation :)
Look up Roko’s Basilisk. Now you will never sleep again.
@@rarewhiteape Roko's Basilisk is just Pascal's wager with extra steps. Both of which are illogical. So don't worry, I'll be sleeping just fine 😁
Nuclear Pasta, Nuclear Lasagna? It’s clear that these Scientists were quite hungry and forgot to eat while exploring this topic….
Neutron stars and black holes are truly fascinating
Hey, now... sometimes the bad science fiction is the most entertaining! 😄😁 Great episode, Matt and crew!
Just how much is the flow of time altered by the extreme mass of a neutron star? As I recall, the denser an object that distorts space time, the slower time flows relative to an outside observer.
That is true but it really only has a noticeable effect at the singularity
Robert Forward's novel "Dragon's Egg" brought me here. These concepts are true mindblowers.
Excellent. As always.
Don't call yourself a foodie if you've never eaten nuclear pasta
A bit heavy for my taste, but I’ll admit it absorbs the sauce like no other.
PBS will be the first one building a base mars, no doubt ✌🏻
Its fine i am sure he just had a bad day ☺️ ✌🏻
Neutronium! Unimaginable density!!!
If you were able to scoop the surface matter off the star, it would slowly expand as you moved it further from the core.
Ooh, a pasta-themed episode. Time to watch with immense interest!
R'amen.
Loved the episode, like usual :) Can you please make a video about Electron Capture? That seems very interesting.
Amazing how much has been learned about stars!
He looks like he always needs to sneeze. Great content 10/10
100 billion Gs LOL. This is one of my favorite episodes so far.
Yeah, I don't think you're gonna get much loft...have to use a 1-iron
Yess.. Neutrons and stars made of them are one of the most mysterious phenomena we know of. One of my favorite subjects. It really implies that everything is made of exactly the same "stuff" but why does it want to differentiate into its different "spins", charges and other properties in the absence of enormous gravitational fields? Looking forward to the LIGO teams' findings or lack thereof.
Yo shout out to the scientists who go to these stars to actually study them, they're the true heros
Impressive stuff Thanks for sharing your thoughts with all of us 👍😀
Everyone’s going on about Goku drip and Omori drip, but the biggest drip is the Neutron Drip 😎
gotta have that hershey kiss hair
Makes me wonder if, when a NS gains sufficient mass and becomes a BH, if the quark plasma becomes structured, sort of repeating, in its own ways, the changes as a function of depth in the NS.
I went there once. As is often the case in a harsh environment, the implacability of life is compensated by an extreme civility of the inhabitants of these hostile lands, who radiate an amiable kindness which, once returned to earth, makes you regret the highly human values of which our apparently smoother lands are sometimes deprived.
I love how the imaginary spacecraft is a Jimmy Neutron reference
Gotta admit I was a little disappointed when the magnetosphere was depicted as something other than a spinning ball with Ian McKellen's face on the surface.
Well... A Quark Star would be even weirder... IF they exist at all, of course.
Yeah they would be however it is looking less and less probable as NuSTAR observations suggest that high mass Neutron stars are far bigger than the more compressible models of the nuclear equation of state needed for such stars to exist support. Basically Neutron stars stop shrinking with increasing mass meaning degeneracy pressure is much less important in supporting them against gravity than was once thought. Recent studies probing the nuclear structure of heavy atoms like Lead support this picture with the strong nuclear force being well stronger than researchers expected under neutron rich conditions implying the strong force can more effectively oppose the intense gravity of the Neutron star. Still far from a final answer but the evidence seems to support a "stronger" more rigid model on these stars compositions.
@@Dragrath1 Agreed. But we've been surprised before.
I don't think Quark has enough latinum strips.
Judging from the video, if Quark Stars exist in this chilled down and rarified universe, they have to wear Neutron Star jackets.
@@Hy-jg8ow breaks the third law of acquisition
Nice explanations👍
Its absolutely insane there's any info on this AT ALL , and best of all, theyre probably "close" to being right, just absolutely fascinating
This is why I don’t think black holes magically do something at the event horizon. Aren’t they just bigger neutron stars? They would still have a surface just like the neutron star. It’s just that the gravity got large enough so that light can’t escape. I don’t why they would have a singularity at the core either. Wouldn’t they just have this pasta as well? Or maybe something a bit more exotic?
As I understand it, maybe. Maybe not. The event horizon is a hard boundary to the universe, literally the region beyond which events on the inside can affect the outside universe. It’s a consequence of the warping of space time. What happens inside is anyone’s guess. To us the inside doesn’t exist in any practical way. That’s why black holes only have a few measurable properties. There is no guarantee that the laws of physics hold up under such conditions, I believe we just assume that they do. Also, I believe there is a point at which degeneracy pressure is not able to hold matter up any longer, leading to a singularity (or ringularluty). Where this falls in relation to the object reaching the schwarzschild radius, I don’t know. Interestingly there are theoretically extreme (extra-extreme?) neutron stars that approach the mass required to become a black hole, with a physical radius appreciably close to the schwarzschild radius of the object. Don’t quote me on this, but I recall reading that to outside observers these stars appear dimmer than normal neutron stars proportional to the ratio of those two diameters.
Obligatory "I'm not an astrophysicist". I believe you're correct that there's nothing magical at the event horizon of a black hole. It's just a point of no return. It's even theorised that a human could survive crossing the event horizon of a supermassive black hole. (Because the gravitational gradient is relatively shallow, so you wouldn't get spaghettified. But you'd need amazing shielding to survive the insanely intense radiation.) Time and space behave weirdly inside the event horizon of a black hole, and in some ways the area inside the event horizon is not part of our universe any more, so any layman's discussion of what's going on in there is bound to be inaccurate. And even the specialist theoreticians are constrained by not being able to do any experiments, so it's hard to say anything for certain. With all those caveats, suffice it to say that: - No, a black hole is not just a bigger neutron star (it's what happens when all of the possible options to keep everything from collapsing have been exhausted) - There is no meaningful surface (the singularity is a 0-dimensional point, smaller than an atom, literally zero size) - There is a singularity - The singularity has zero size, so it couldn't have any nuclear pasta or other exotic stuff "in" it, but the infalling matter might retain some structure until its gets close to the singularity (so, if you fire a neutron star at a black hole, the nuclear pasta might survive for a while)
@@jon_j__ Adding my own "I'm not an astrophysicist" disclaimer. My understanding is that we don't _know_ that there is a singularity at the center of a blackhole - that is just what general relativity predicts. But it is known that general relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics and therefore without a theory of quantum gravity, we don't know how gravity behaves at the planck scale. Though some physicists will state the singularity as a matter-of-fact, others are more careful and say that general relativity is incomplete.
@@jon_j__ Let’s say we have a neutron star that is 1000Kg short of becoming a black hole. It still has a surface and a pasta interior. You might still be able to see it, but I bet it has become quite dim. I have trouble believing that it all would change by throwing 1000Kg at it and it would snap to a singularity. It just seems illogical to me. If it somehow lost that 1000Kg after becoming a black hole, what would it be?
Nope. Neutron stars may be on the verge of matter collapse, but with black holes, the matter has already collapsed. In fact, a stellar mass black hole can actually have Schwarzchild radius much smaller than a neutron star's radius. There is a way for a black hole to lose mass: Hawking radiation. However, losing mass wouldn't turn it into a neutron star, because all of its mass would still reside within the Schwarzchild radius; it wouldn't be able to expand. That's because, within the Schwarzchild radius, the downward acceleration exceeds the speed of light. As best we can tell, a black hole will continue to lose mass through Hawking radiation until it reaches a critical point, then it will just explode.