Lichen are weird organisms to begin with, but what you probably didn't know is that they are the source of dyes that helped kickstart modern biology and chemistry.
One such dye, made from a lichen called Roccella tinctoria is especially useful as it can stain DNA, elastic fibers, copper proteins and more. Early biologists used it in a series of experiments that helped pave the way to where we are today.
The dye was responsible for the discovery of the nucleus, chromosomes and even helped confirm inheritance patterns described by Mendel.
In this video we use the dye to preform 2 experiments. We visualize the steps of mitosis in onion roots tip squashes, and polytene chromosomes in fruit fly larva.
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I love this kind of stuff; definitely do more historical videos like this.
i guess im asking the wrong place but does anyone know of a way to get back into an instagram account?? I stupidly lost my password. I would love any tricks you can give me
@Alonzo Jonathan Instablaster :)
@Jameson Cade Thanks for your reply. I found the site on google and Im in the hacking process now. Takes quite some time so I will reply here later with my results.
@Jameson Cade it worked and I finally got access to my account again. I'm so happy! Thanks so much you saved my account!
@Alonzo Jonathan happy to help xD
Man, that maggot dissection is the reason why I'm in physics
That was pretty interesting. Of course, I'm always interested in learning new stuff, but it's kind of rare getting to learn how we learned the stuff we know.
The precursor to Orcein is usnic and vulpinic acids. The two compounds are acidic tetracycles that break apart in high pH environments into orcein (a tri to a bi cyclic compound). Should probably note: Usnic and Vulpinic acid are both antibacterial. Vulpinic acid can be used externally to wash wounds as a general antimicrobial, and usnic acid can actually be prepared and used to make an antibiotic with high selectivity against aerobic, gram-positive bacteria. This is actually why tree lichin is the base for many wilderness survival treatments: If you rinse the lichens and then pack it into a wound it will prevent infection, but you might make sure you don't have a sensitivity to the lichens to begin with.
hyperbolic pistachio
6:55 wow that's brutal, pyramid head style
@Jaxon Kade I do not give a shit no
"Skip if maggots make you uncomfortable" Pfft, what's it gonna do? Wriggle? *_Literally fucking rips a maggot's organs out of it's face_* AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Came here knowing about stains and cell biology. Left learning that our understanding of chromosomes was furthered and helped by Microscopy. Mind is blown. Thank you.
Sir this is the best way to tech new learners by telling them the need and the historical process to make the process happen as a story and last but not the least by showing them practically . Thank you so much .... Please make more such amazing videos...
We talked about lichens in comprehensive school in Finland. It's weird how almost no one knows what it is while here most know what it is even if they also confuse it with moss.
We breezed right past them in my university because my professor hates fungi. He refers to them as "sessile animals" and I mean he's not wrong. Fungi a weird, lichen are double weird. I love them though. You can use lichen as an indicator of ecosystem health since many species are sensitive to pollution
The Thought Emporium Yes, I did that a month ago in upper secondary. The circumstances made it less fun though. It was cold and dark when I had time to do it and the teacher's instructions were unclear.
Awesome video! Really hope you will make more of this type of videos because this one was very interesting.
If my biology teacher was 1% as you I would start to love it much earlier. Thanks for everything!
amazing video, please make more of these type (histology, microscopy)
This is so cool- thank you for making this! ESPECIALLY being so honest with the true perseverance that science usually takes with the many failed attempts, "it only takes one working lightbulb..."
Loved this video, a nice refresher and great information. Thank you!
my favourite video of yours yet, please keep it up!!
Yeah this is superinteresting! Great video, please do more of such. Much more!
This is the perfect revision on what I learned in last 2 months 😂
This video was amazing please do more!
This channel is amazing. Keep it up.
This was really cool and very educating. Thank you. :)
Super interesting! Loved this video, thank you.
Great stuff. Definitely more historical context for science!
Really enjoyed it!
Hey, I love your content and I think you are doing a great service to humanity. I'd like to see a video on ways somebody might accidentally turn an innocent biohacking project into something that is a safety concern. Thank you.
We need MOAR!!
Awesome video, please make more like this
This is so fascinating! I always wondered how biologists did stuff like this. Thank you for breaking it down. How does the dye penetrate the cells so well? And why this specific dye?
Outstanding video! Er... Did you say something like, "Fortunately, we found some maggots in our kombucha..."?
For him maybe
Enjoyable video, keep going.
Dude, your channel i soooooo cool, please, never stop!
wow this episode was fascinating!
cool vid. we use various stains & indicator dyes in geology too.
makes me wonder what Species (Animal, Insect, Microbe) we used to co-evolve with, that we may be missing out on, cross benificially.
Yep, do more of these
Awesome, make more videos like these
"Having lots of maggots to work with will make your life easier". So true in so many ways!
Definitely more like these
Bacteria are interesting when stained as well. You have the gram positive, which have multi-layered cell walls and will accept certain dyes, and you have the gram-negative, which have a thin cell wall and thus will not accept certain dyes. Makes it much easier to categorize them (& gives each special traits, like increased antibiotic resistance)
Like it, please make more :)
I liked this video!!
I LOVE THIS VIDEO. SO WELL MADE :). PLEASE ELUCIDATE ON THIS MORE
glad you enjoyed :)
Awesome video, per usual. Wondering where polarized microscopy fits into this picture when no stain is used? How much does just looking at things through polarized light offer without stains?
4 years late to this one, but essentially different parts of a cell tend to twist light by different amounts. When you polarise the light, the twisting effect causes the light to appear lighter or darker. This helps viewing the subject. Additionally this is the same concept used in lcd screens. The liquid crystal is able to twist light between two polarisers depending on how much power is applied to it, changing the pixel's brightness
Fascinating
I loved this vid
I learned this in 10th grade science class but this is still fun to watch
Aaaah, I love lichens, such fascinating things!
When you learn more on KZhead then in school:
Yes I would actually love more of these videos! For example, how did people know when they discovered a new element? Did they just assume it because of preconceived notions, or was there some way they PROVED this in the 1600-1700s?
Elements are hard but I'll see what I can do. I have a few ideas already
Ragmathgul; Did they actually study ionization levels before electrochemistry or the photon was even discovered? I assume spectroscopic studies of atomic transition only really started in the 1800's, but even so, how did they prove that they had isolated a new single element from just that? Before quantum theory, they would have no way of proving that a certain set of spectroscopic lines indicated a pure element, while a different set belonged to a combination of elements, right? Also, were the diffraction studies of the 1700's even precise and accurate enough to quantitatively and repeatably detect small (nanometer) changes in emission wavelengths?
The Thought Emporium; Thanks for considering it!
@@mortlet5180 You are thinking too hard about this. New elements were discovered by the equivalent of high school chemistry experiments. The alchemist's tools were enough to play around with substances, and you play around extracting this, distilling that until you come across something that can't be broken down anymore. This is a simple portrayal of what really happened but its not far from the truth. Atomic Mass was discovered basically by weighing a compound then breaking the compound down into the elements then weighing the final products and from there you can guess that different elements has "more or less mass" compared to each other, therefore each atom of one element must have a different mass than another element. If they actually tried to reproduce the trail leading to modern atomic theory, it would be very epic. I must say that the theory came first, then all devices you mentioned were invented that "proved" the theory (sometimes it changed the theory because you have more information, i.e. the structure of the atom has changed considerably since Dalton.) But it would be great if they reproduced the seminal experiments where new elements were found and how those scientists confirmed that a new element was found. I know it really doesn't answer your question but you have to think, no they had none of that and they relied more on observation and calculation (see John Dalton and his law of variable proportions) .
@@Dresdentrumpet; Thanks for your thorough reply! :) Yes I know they didn't have access to any of the tools we would use today, to prove a sample's atomic composition; hence my question. I was wonder what ingenious device they could have constructed (or what deductive logic was followed) to prove the discovery of a new atomic element. But, science is messy and theories are often incomplete. Just look at how relatively recently, the best chemists in the world were still debating the structure of Benzene! My question about the elements was posed not just because I find fascinating, the discovery and scientific investigational thought processes they had to follow, but also because the information isn't easily accessible (at least not from what I've found). Sadly, I too fear that they simply classified something as a pure elemental substance, if they couldn't break it down any further (kind of like Atoms were themselves supposed to be indivisible...). Actually, if you think about it, without the Periodic Table or atomic theory, what would an 'element' even mean to the alchemists of old? Wouldn't it be plausible that they simply meant that the concerned 'elemental' substance can combine with other 'elements' to produce complex products. And that these complex products could then be broken back down into the same constituent 'elements'? The history books just always make it seem like the discoverer of a new element somehow knew exactly what he had discovered, you know? I suppose it has just become a matter of semantics at this point since the concept of an 'element' meant something completely different than it does today. Similar to how the ancients viewed planets as 'moving stars', embedded on a celestial sphere, but they still used the same word, "planet", to describe the concept.
I know about Lichen and learned about them in junior high school in Ohio in the 1970s. 🆒 They are interesting. 😊
How do we find local labs in our area to do whatever work we are interested in?
Y'all should have like 108Mill subscribers tbh..
6:55 reminds me of a video I saw of a man tied to two seperate jeeps as they drove in seperate directions.
Which stain did you use for the salivary glands of maggots
I like this stuff
just cool, pure cool
You rock! I wish I gave a shit enough about social media to have an account just so I could post your stuff up..
haha well thanks. Glad you enjoy
i love these fungi kingdoms. they learned to use their environment and incorporate that into their kingdom. i mean fungi and algae together? :O
I didn't truly understand the reason/importance of biology or science until you made the comparison between nanobots and bacteria. Also when you mentioned that bacteria was similar to alien technology, whether true or not, it made everything click. I feel like I get it now.
yes, please do. we do this too little.
2:13 - Isn't potash K2CO3?
I feel like I'm rediscovering my love for science! 100th comment woop!
I know right. Also congrats XD
First homosapiens ! I thought the first pH indicator was made from red cabbage juice
Nope, lichen. litmus literally means "colored moss" and it's been in use since medieval alchemists first used it.
It is like TTE said the first two color red/blue indicator is what the video is about, but also it depends on what indicator you are talking about, the more recent universal indicator has four compounds with overlapping ranges to get the combined "rainbow" that you see. And yes you can make a DIY indicator with red cabbage juice that also has a very impressive range of colours. You should try the cabbage indicator, it is a fun experiment as well as easy and relatively safe if you are careful when testing substances at the extreme ends of the PH range. If you want a challenge try and work out how to do the extraction so that you get a more pure extract that lasts longer.
try to improve the audio volume
Seleno-Melanin. What Color is it?
i will never drink your tea!
This video made me hungry.
Huh. Neat
The Thought Emporium Learning biology without the use of Histological stains or microscopes
why was there maggots in your scoby?
wasn't covered well enough
"Favourite lab rat"... I am not sure but I believe Zebrafishes are more common these days. Actually quite funny which animals we use as model organisms.
The Knickerbocker
1:28 what?
Which species, though?
Roccella tinctoria
Did you just vivisect the maggot? Damn
Absolutely subarashii
8:00
Im considering doing this, I have nothing better to do atm with my microscope.
Thumbs up for the lab work, not for the clickbait title.
That stuff looks just like blood. It probably freaked out the people who discovered it to be honest.
3:12 serial killer confirmed
Never got to do this in university, Really cool stuff. Hey, do you have stomach cancer yet?
I've been basically thinking about this experiment since I did it in university, trying to figure out a better way to convey the info in a way that people will actually care. Because when I did it, it was poorly explained why I should care, even though it's a super cool thing. And no, my stomach is totally fine
*The Thought Emporium* is the narrator the same as the *The 8-Bit Guy* ?
No. -_-
0:16 it... it just got worse with every ingredient...
poor maggots :c
"We can be men, or we can be.... LICHENS!!"-Underworld Rise of the Lycans
Iv seen a maggot get ripped apart under a microscope, now Iv seen it all LOL!
awesome
Actually it'll probably be a while till I work on the lactose thing again because of how involved the process is and the lab required to work on it. I DO however have some other genetic stuff planned. I've had an even bigger project planned long before the lactose project and I'm finally getting around to finishing it. It's got a lot of pieces so I'm gonna work on it bit by bit and go over how everything works. And while it's more complicated, it doesn't require as fancy of a lab. It's got some protein engineering, genetic modification, coevolution, directed evolution and lots more. I'm pretty excited as each piece would be super cool on it's own, but together it gets super awesome.
Wiki: The history of patents and patent law is generally considered to have started with the Venetian Statute of 1474. WHAT? sorry for spamming
2:14 poe tash :p
SLOW DOWN
"poe-tash"? pot-ash.
Lichen subscribe
I love science and all but I can't with the dissecting... Poor little dudes you just masterfully discombobulated
I just made a much less gruesome video on dissecting plants. You may enjoy that more haha
There's something quite metal about grabbing a maggot by its head and pulling all the guts out just to look at some cells lol
8:00